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8. State types
Currently, there are two main approaches to the typology of the state: formational and civilizational.
Until recently, the formational approach was recognized as the only possible and scientific one, since it expressed the Marxist attitude to the question of the type of state.
Its essence is that the clarification of the type of state is based on an understanding of history as a natural-historical process of changing socio-economic formations, each of which, in the conditions of the existence of classes, corresponds to a certain type of state.
"Historical types of the state": slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois and socialist types of state.
Considering the formational approach to the typology of the state in close connection with the Marxist doctrine of the state, one cannot fail to notice that the Marxist interpretation of these issues plays a significant role in the scientific explanation of the emergence and development of the slave and feudal types of the state.
The Marxist typology of states can be criticized or abandoned, but first something better has to be offered instead. In world literature, many bases for the classification of states have been proposed. More often than others, there was a proposal to divide them into democratic and non-democratic.
Recently, the classification of states into totalitarian, authoritarian, liberal and democratic has been widely used.
In a totalitarian state power is in the hands of the ruling elite, the dictator and his entourage. Legal regulation is dominated by the regime "Everything is prohibited except what is permitted by law".
authoritarian state differs from the totalitarian one by the penetration into it, albeit to a limited extent, of elements of democracy and legality.
liberal state formed under the influence of liberal ideas and doctrines, which belittle the role and importance of the state in society.
In a democratic state conditions are created for the real participation of citizens in solving state and other public affairs, all the most important bodies of the state are elected and controlled by the people. Citizens have a wide range of rights and freedoms guaranteed by law. Here the state serves society and the individual.
English historian A. Toynbee suggested civilizational approach classification of societies and states, which takes into account not only socio-economic conditions, but also the religious, psychological, cultural foundations of society.
The civilizational approach is substantiated by the idea of unity, integrity of the modern world, the priority of universal human values.
Author: Konstantin Sibikeev
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