State and municipal administration. The concept of local government (the most important)

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State and municipal administration. The concept of local government (the most important)

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36. The concept of local government

Local government - this is one of the types of management of certain public affairs of a local community of people. It is an independent and under its own responsibility activity of the population to address issues of local importance. Local self-government is organized based on the interests of the population, its historical and other local traditions. It is autonomous.

However, the autonomy of local self-government is relative. Firstly, local self-government exists and operates in a system of general ties and relations for the management of society within the framework of a given state. As a part of the whole, in accordance with the principles of systems theory, it cannot but obey the general system qualities. Secondly, the legal principles of the organization and activities of local self-government are established by the state power, laws adopted by its bodies. Thirdly, the material foundations of local self-government largely depend on the state. They receive the bulk of the financial resources needed by local self-government bodies from the state. Fourthly, elected heads of local self-government (mayors, burgomasters, etc.) in foreign countries are usually approved as representatives of local government. In this capacity, they perform some nationwide functions and are responsible for this to the state authorities. In Russia, this issue is resolved differently: with their consent, local authorities can be transferred to certain functions of state bodies, and for their implementation they are also responsible to the state.

Local government - Power is not only territorially limited, but also limited in terms of authority. Its bodies have the right to resolve issues of local importance in accordance with the law. In a unitary state, this is a law passed by its parliament.

There are several different views on the essence of local government.

The public theory of local self-government arose in connection with the struggle against royal absolutism. First in cities, and then in rural settlements, the population defended the right to create their own elected bodies that managed local affairs. Initially, this was formalized by charters granted by monarchs to cities. Then the territorial collectives began to adopt their charters, becoming municipalities along with cities. Municipal formations have their own budget, their own property, and maintain their subordinate employees at their own expense.

The state theory of local self-government proceeds from the fact that local self-government is ultimately part of the integral management of society. The foundations of local self-government are determined by law. Therefore, supporters of this theory believe that local self-government is a continuation of state power, and local self-government bodies and officials are "agents" of state power in the field.

Author: Konstantin Sibikeev

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The phases of the moon affect rainfall 08.02.2016

The phases of the moon affect the amount of precipitation - however, very little. This discovery was made by atmospheric scientists from the University of Washington (USA), led by doctoral student Tsubasa Kohyama and Professor John Wallace.

The phases of the Moon arise because it revolves around the Earth - with a period of 27,3 days - and is illuminated to varying degrees by the Sun at different points in its orbit. We are interested, however, not in illumination, but in the very fact that on different days a natural satellite of our planet is above different parts of its surface. The moon, with its attraction, slightly pulls the Earth's atmosphere in its direction, making the atmospheric column higher, as, accordingly, atmospheric pressure. Such a relationship between the phases of the moon and atmospheric pressure was first noticed back in 1847.

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Kohiyama and Wallace and colleagues first tested these theoretical findings experimentally by analyzing data collected over 15 years (1998-2012) by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, a science satellite jointly launched by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Agency. It turned out that when the moon is at its zenith, the rain really becomes a little weaker - although only by 1%, which is not noticeable to the average person, but, nevertheless, is a statistically significant difference.

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