Banking. Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy of the Russian Federation (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Banking. Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy of the Russian Federation (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the Russian economy

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, a bank is a commercial institution created to raise funds from legal entities and individuals and place them on its own behalf on the terms of repayment, payment for urgency, as well as other banking operations. On the one hand, a bank, like any other enterprise, is created to satisfy the interests of the bank's owner (shareholders) and public interests (clients). On the other hand, a bank is a special type of enterprise that organizes and carries out the movement of loan capital, ensuring profit for the owners of the bank.

The formation of a banking system corresponding to a developed market economy in the Russian Federation began in 1987 and was subsequently accompanied by an increase in the number of commercial banks.

Commercial banks can be classified according to a number of features: by the nature of ownership (state, joint-stock, cooperative, private, municipal and mixed); by types of operations (universal and specialized); on a territorial basis (international, republican, regional and serving several regions of the country); by industry orientation (industrial, agricultural, construction, trade).

The main functions of banks are: mobilization of temporarily free funds and their transformation into capital; lending to enterprises, the state and the population; issue of credit instruments of circulation (credit money); implementation of settlements and payments in the economy; issuing and founding activity; consulting, provision of economic and financial information.

In developed countries, thanks to banks, there is a mechanism for the distribution and redistribution of capital across spheres and branches of production, which to a large extent ensures the development of the national economy, depending on the objective needs of production. By financing the additional needs of industrial, transport, and agricultural enterprises for investment and expansion of production, banks have the opportunity to influence the creation of a progressive reproductive structure of the national economy.

At present, the activity of commercial banks of the Russian Federation in lending to enterprises does not effectively influence the structural and investment policy. In the activities of many commercial banks, lending is not the main place. The need for a qualitative improvement in lending in the activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation requires an increase in the allocation of resources for investment purposes, the introduction of new forms of lending into banking practice.

During the period of transformation of the Russian economy, the regulation of deposit emission has become an acute problem. Instability of monetary circulation, inflation on a significant scale required the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to pursue a policy of limiting the supply of credit resources to commercial banks. Limiters on the ability of commercial banks to increase the money supply are, first of all, reserve requirements and the level of the interest rate of the Central Bank when lending to commercial banks. In addition, the Central Bank has set limits on the growth of centralized loans and directs them to priority sectors of the national economy.

Nevertheless, at present, in modern conditions, the trend continues to expand the functions of commercial banks, which, in order to improve banking liquidity, generate income, and take positions in the market, develop operations and services that were previously uncharacteristic for banks (Denis Shevchuk).

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

<< Back: Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy (Western model)

>> Forward: Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Bank audit. Crib

▪ Theory of learning. Crib

▪ Civil procedural law. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Temperature sensor TMP117 29.01.2019

The new TMP117 precision sensor sets a new accuracy record for Texas Instruments digital temperature meters. The miniature integral sensor has an error of only +-0,1°C (max) in the temperature range from -20°C to +50°C. The sensor can be used in medical devices that meet the requirements of ASTM E1112 and ISO 80601. The 16-bit resolution allows temperature changes of 0.0078°C to be recorded.

The microcircuit has a digital two-wire I2C interface (SMBus-compatible) and additional interrupt and address lines. Built-in EEPROM-memory is used both for setting operation parameters and for user data. The low self-consumption reduces the effect of the instrument's self-heating and guarantees high accuracy at high measurement frequencies.

For non-medical applications, the TMP117 can be used as an alternative to platinum sensors (Platinum RTD). In the full temperature range from -55°C to +150°C, the measurement error does not exceed +-0,3°C. Operating voltage of the sensor from 1,8 V to 5,5 V

Each TMP117 chip is output tested during production and has a personal traceable NIST code.

Applications for TMP117:

medical equipment ASTM E1112 and ISO 80601-2-56;
control of environmental parameters;
personal wearable devices;
control of food transportation;
gas and heat meters;
equipment for testing and measurements;
replacement of RTD sensors: PT100, PT500, PT1000;
thermocouple cold junction compensation.

Other interesting news:

▪ There are deposits of ice at the poles of the moon

▪ Stretch display

▪ Dyson headphones with built-in air purifier

▪ Potato plastic

▪ dinosaur feathers

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Signal limiters, compressors. Article selection

▪ Article Playground. Tips for the home master

▪ article Who is genetically closer to a man than a woman? Detailed answer

▪ article Ziziphora fragrant. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Debug module for KR1816BE35. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Cable lines up to 220 kV. Grounding. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews