Banking. Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation (lecture notes)

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Banking. Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation (lecture notes)

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Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation

The liability of the bank's balance sheet consists of capital and current items. Capital articles of liability - share capital, reserve capital and retained earnings; current items - primarily bank deposits (deposits) and some others.

Passive operations are called operations with the help of which bank resources are formed.

Banking resources are divided into own and borrowed. Of great importance are passive operations, as a result of which the bank's own capital is formed. The presence of this capital serves as the basis for attracting foreign funds. The sources of equity capital are: share capital (authorized fund), reserve capital (reserve and other funds formed from profit) and retained earnings.

The attracted funds of commercial banks form the predominant part of banking resources and consist of deposits (deposits) and credits (loans) received by the bank. Acceptance of funds from depositors and other creditors is the main type of passive operations of banks.

The main source of attracted funds are deposits, which make up a significant part of all liabilities of commercial banks. Deposits are divided into the following types: demand deposits, time and savings deposits, and are the main source of banking resources.

Other sources of bank resources are cash funds that the bank raises on its own in order to ensure its liquidity. An increase in demand for bank loans, an increase in inflation rates, on the one hand, and a relatively slow growth in demand deposits, on the other, made it necessary for banks to attract additional sources. Among them - loans received from other banks; securities sold under repurchase agreements; loans in the Eurodollar market. They are called managed liabilities. These liabilities give banks the opportunity to compensate for deposit losses, to be prepared for unforeseen circumstances (for example, an unexpected outflow of deposits, unexpected loan applications).

Commercial banks can obtain loans by acquiring reserve funds from central banks. Such funds are deposit balances held in accounts with central reserve banks. As a result of unexpected inflows of deposits or contraction of loans, commercial banks can create excess reserves that do not generate income, which they provide for a short time at the disposal of other banks. Reserve funds differ from other forms of bank credit in that they are funds held in accounts at reserve banks: drafts drawn into these accounts are paid immediately.

Obtaining a loan from the central reserve bank is a traditional passive operation of commercial banks associated with the provision of assistance to them by the central bank in case of a temporary shortage of reserves (Denis Shevchuk).

Repurchase agreements emerged as new sources of resources for commercial banks. Such an agreement may be between a bank and a firm (or dealers in government securities). When a firm wants to invest a large amount of money for a very short period of time, it puts it into a buyback agreement because it has a lot of liquidity. The firm can return the funds the next day and receive only slightly lower interest on them than on certificates of deposit. These agreements have become an important channel for the placement of temporarily free funds.

Eurocurrency loans are a financial instrument for managing passive operations arising from deposits denominated in foreign currency and kept in commercial banks of a given country. Eurocurrency banking business has acquired a global character. Eurodollars are the leading eurocurrency in the structure of the international loan capital market. Commercial banks that have such deposits use them for lending operations.

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

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