Banking. Formation of own resources of Russian banks (lecture notes)

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Banking. Formation of own resources of Russian banks (lecture notes)

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Formation of own resources of Russian banks

Banking resources are divided into own and borrowed. Of great importance are passive operations, as a result of which the bank's own capital is formed. The presence of this capital serves as the basis for attracting foreign funds. The sources of equity capital are: share capital (authorized fund), reserve capital (reserve and other funds formed from profit) and retained earnings.

The share capital is formed by issuing bank shares, voluntary monetary and material contributions of shareholders (founders) of the bank. Accumulation of profit is the main resource for increasing share capital. Its increase is carried out by decision of the meeting of shareholders (shareholders) by determining the dividend paid to shareholders from the profits received, as well as by selling additional shares. The share price depends on the level of dividends. With the growth of the dividend, the market value of the bank's shares increases and thus the income of shareholders increases, and hence the registration value of the share capital. At the same time, the demand for shares expands, which makes it possible for the bank to issue an additional series of shares. However, since the additional issue of shares is associated with certain costs, this method of increasing capital is used if it affects the profitability of the bank as a result of effective lending and investment.

The reserve capital (reserve fund) is formed from annual deductions from profits, the amount of which is established by the meeting of shareholders. This capital is intended to cover possible losses on the bank's operations (for example, from outstanding loans) and other purposes related to securing the bank's obligations. Its minimum size is regulated in accordance with banking legislation.

Retained earnings is the part of the profit remaining after the payment of dividends and deductions to the reserve capital. Its increase is possible due to the accumulation of profits by investing the bank's income in certain types of assets (loans or investments).

In the structure of balance sheet liabilities, the share of own capital is insignificant. However, it should be sufficient to fulfill the obligations assumed by the bank, protect the interests of depositors and other creditors, and prevent the bank from going bankrupt. Controls the activities of commercial banks, the state requires the maintenance of a certain level of equity capital. Thus, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establishes capital adequacy ratios for commercial banks. This indicator is determined by the minimum allowable size of the bank's authorized capital and the maximum ratio of its entire capital to the amount of assets, taking into account risk assessment.

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

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