Table of contents (expand)
- The credit system of the Russian Federation: essence, structure, meaning
- Legal basis for the activities of banks in the Russian Federation (Laws "On banks and banking activities", "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)")
- Central banks, their functions (western model)
- Functions of the Central Bank of Russia
- Passive and active operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Monetary regulation of the economy by the Central Bank (Western and Russian models)
- Regulation and control by the Central Bank of the activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Organization by the Central Bank of cash circulation in the Russian Federation
- Refinancing of commercial banks by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the open market
- The essence and purpose of the fund of required reserves of commercial banks in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Banks of individual elite service - Private banking ("Private banking")
- Credit auctions: essence, order of organization, meaning
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on servicing the public debt of Russia
- Modern inflation: essence, causes, forms of manifestation and their types in the Russian Federation
- Money circulation and its structure
- Indicators of the volume and structure of the money supply in circulation in the Russian Federation
- Monetary systems, their main elements (Western model)
- Features of the monetary system of the Russian Federation
- Interbank loans in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Interest rate policy of Russian banks
- Stocks: types and characteristics
- Securities in the Russian Federation. Types and characteristics
- Loan capital market: structure and functions
- Securities market: structure and functions
- Primary securities market. Methods of issue of securities
- Stock exchange: organizational and functional mechanism in the Russian Federation
- Characteristics of the secondary securities market
- Features of retail banking services - Retail banking ("Retail banking")
- The essence of money, their functions
- Theories of money and inflation
- Credit money, their types
- Bill, its essence, types
- Government securities (western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy (Western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the Russian economy
- Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Formation of own resources of Russian banks
- Attracted resources of commercial banks in the Russian Federation
- Liability management in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Active operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Loan operations of commercial banks in the Russian Federation: essence, types, characteristics
- Documents submitted by the borrower for obtaining a loan from a commercial bank of the Russian Federation
- Forms of loan security
- Operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation with securities
- Investment activity of Russian banks
- Asset management of commercial banks
- Liquidity of credit institutions of the Russian Federation. Liquidity indicators
- Financial risks
- Characteristics of the bank's assets in terms of providing liquidity, profitability
- Forms of credit: commercial, banking, consumer, state, international
- Financial services of commercial banks (leasing, factoring, trust transactions)
- Settlement operations of commercial banks
- The main forms of cashless payments in the Russian Federation
- Formation of check circulation in the Russian Federation (checks of commercial banks)
- Main forms of international payments
- Foreign exchange operations of Russian banks
- Foreign exchange market in the Russian Federation: participants, structure
- Mortgage banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Investment banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Savings banks and their operations (Western model)
- Savings banks of the Russian Federation
- Insurance companies and their operations
- Pension funds and their operations
- Investment companies and investment funds (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Theories of credit
- The essence, functions and role of credit in the market economy of the Russian Federation
- International financial institutions
- Essence and functions of banking marketing
- Essence and functions of banking management
- Credit, investment and financial consulting
Bill, its essence, types
A bill of exchange is a written obligation of the debtor (promissory note) or an order from the creditor to the debtor (bill of exchange - draft) to pay the amount indicated on it after a certain period. A promissory note and a bill of exchange are a type of commercial bill. There are also financial bills, that is, debt obligations arising from the provision of a certain amount of money on credit; their variety is treasury bills (here the debtor is the state). Friendly bills are put on top of each other for the purpose of their subsequent accounting in the bank. Bronze (or inflated) bills - debt obligations that do not have real security.
The characteristic features of the bill are:
▪ abstractness - the specific type of transaction is not indicated on the bill of exchange;
▪ indisputability - mandatory payment of the debt up to the adoption of compulsory measures after the notary draws up an act of protest;
▪ negotiability - transfer of a bill of exchange as a means of payment to other persons with an endorsement on its back (giro or endorsement), which creates the possibility of mutual offset of bill obligations.
The circular force of a bill increases as the number of endorsements increases. But such bills had limited circulation due to the lack of information about the solvency of girants. The limitation of the circulation of bills was overcome with the help of bank acceptance of bills, which received a payment guarantee from large banks.
However, despite this, the use of the bill has its limits: firstly, the bill serves only wholesale trade; secondly, even in wholesale trade, the balance of mutual claims is settled in cash; thirdly, a limited circle of persons who are confident in the solvency of the drawer and endorsers (girants) are involved in the circulation of bills.
Author: Shevchuk D.A.
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