Table of contents (expand)
- The credit system of the Russian Federation: essence, structure, meaning
- Legal basis for the activities of banks in the Russian Federation (Laws "On banks and banking activities", "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)")
- Central banks, their functions (western model)
- Functions of the Central Bank of Russia
- Passive and active operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Monetary regulation of the economy by the Central Bank (Western and Russian models)
- Regulation and control by the Central Bank of the activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Organization by the Central Bank of cash circulation in the Russian Federation
- Refinancing of commercial banks by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the open market
- The essence and purpose of the fund of required reserves of commercial banks in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Banks of individual elite service - Private banking ("Private banking")
- Credit auctions: essence, order of organization, meaning
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on servicing the public debt of Russia
- Modern inflation: essence, causes, forms of manifestation and their types in the Russian Federation
- Money circulation and its structure
- Indicators of the volume and structure of the money supply in circulation in the Russian Federation
- Monetary systems, their main elements (Western model)
- Features of the monetary system of the Russian Federation
- Interbank loans in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Interest rate policy of Russian banks
- Stocks: types and characteristics
- Securities in the Russian Federation. Types and characteristics
- Loan capital market: structure and functions
- Securities market: structure and functions
- Primary securities market. Methods of issue of securities
- Stock exchange: organizational and functional mechanism in the Russian Federation
- Characteristics of the secondary securities market
- Features of retail banking services - Retail banking ("Retail banking")
- The essence of money, their functions
- Theories of money and inflation
- Credit money, their types
- Bill, its essence, types
- Government securities (western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy (Western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the Russian economy
- Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Formation of own resources of Russian banks
- Attracted resources of commercial banks in the Russian Federation
- Liability management in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Active operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Loan operations of commercial banks in the Russian Federation: essence, types, characteristics
- Documents submitted by the borrower for obtaining a loan from a commercial bank of the Russian Federation
- Forms of loan security
- Operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation with securities
- Investment activity of Russian banks
- Asset management of commercial banks
- Liquidity of credit institutions of the Russian Federation. Liquidity indicators
- Financial risks
- Characteristics of the bank's assets in terms of providing liquidity, profitability
- Forms of credit: commercial, banking, consumer, state, international
- Financial services of commercial banks (leasing, factoring, trust transactions)
- Settlement operations of commercial banks
- The main forms of cashless payments in the Russian Federation
- Formation of check circulation in the Russian Federation (checks of commercial banks)
- Main forms of international payments
- Foreign exchange operations of Russian banks
- Foreign exchange market in the Russian Federation: participants, structure
- Mortgage banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Investment banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Savings banks and their operations (Western model)
- Savings banks of the Russian Federation
- Insurance companies and their operations
- Pension funds and their operations
- Investment companies and investment funds (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Theories of credit
- The essence, functions and role of credit in the market economy of the Russian Federation
- International financial institutions
- Essence and functions of banking marketing
- Essence and functions of banking management
- Credit, investment and financial consulting
International financial institutions
International regional monetary and financial organizations - institutions created on the basis of interstate agreements for the purpose of regulating international economic, including monetary and financial relations. These organizations include: the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and regional development banks.
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is the first interstate bank organized as an international bank of central banks, organized in 1930 by a number of issuing banks in England, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Japan and a group of American banks headed by the Morgan banking house.
One of the tasks of the BIS was to facilitate the settlement of German reparation payments and war debts, as well as to promote cooperation between central banks and settlements between them. The BIS still retains its main function of the coordinator of the central banks of the leading developed countries and currently performs deposit and loan operations, currency, stock transactions, purchase and sale and storage of gold, acts as an agent of central banks, makes settlements between the countries of the European Monetary System, performs functions as a depository of the European Coal and Steel Associations, performs operations on behalf of the OECD and its member countries. Being a Western European international bank, it carries out interstate regulation of monetary and credit relations.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international monetary and credit organization with the status of a UN specialized agency. The official goals are: to promote the development of international trade and monetary cooperation by establishing norms for the regulation of exchange rates and control over their observance, a multilateral system of payments and the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions; providing member states with foreign currency funds to equalize the balance of payments. In 1947, the fund included 49 countries, in 1991 - 155. Votes among countries in the governing bodies of the IMF are distributed in accordance with the quota of contributions established for each of them, the value of which depends on the economic development of the country and its role in the world capitalist economy and international trade .
Member countries of the IMF are required to provide it with information on official gold reserves and foreign exchange reserves, the state of the economy, balance of payments, money circulation, foreign investment, etc. These data are used by private banks to determine the solvency of borrowing countries.
It is important to note that a country's membership in the IMF is a prerequisite for its entry into the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, as well as for obtaining soft loans from its subsidiary, the International Development Association.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, an interstate investment institution, established simultaneously with the IMF. The official goal of the IBRD is to assist member countries in developing their economies by providing long-term loans and credits, guaranteeing private investment.
The sources of the bank's resources, in addition to equity capital, are the placement of bond issues, mainly in the US market, and funds received from the sale of bonds.
IBRD usually provides loans for up to 20 years to expand the production capacity of the bank's member countries. They are issued under the guarantee of the governments of the member countries. IBBR also provides guarantees for long-term loans from other banks. Like the IMF, it requires the obligatory provision of information on the financial position of the borrowing country, the facilities being lent, and the content of the bank's mission examining these facilities.
In recent years, the IBRD has dealt with the problem of settling the external debt of developing countries and provides structural loans to regulate the structure of the economy and improve the balance of payments.
In addition to the IBRD, the following financial institutions have been established: the International Development Association (IDA) (the main purpose is to provide soft loans to developing countries), the International Finance Corporation (established to encourage the investment of private capital in the industry of developing countries) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (implements investment insurance against political risk in the event of expropriation, war, civil unrest, and broken contracts).
In addition, regional banks emerged in the 60s (Inter-American Development Bank, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank), the main purpose of which is to develop economic cooperation and integration of developing countries, to overcome external dependence.
The regional monetary organizations of the Common Market include: the European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EUFS) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), of which Russia is a member and whose main goal is to play the role of a stimulator and accelerator for attraction of capital in the infrastructure sector of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which will contribute to the speedy transition of the Eastern European countries to economic stability and the introduction of the convertibility of their currencies.
Author: Shevchuk D.A.
<< Back: The essence, functions and role of credit in the market economy of the Russian Federation
>> Forward: Essence and functions of banking marketing
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Latin for doctors. Crib
▪ Theory of Government and Rights. Lecture notes
▪ History of culture. Lecture notes
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Powerful HPI series inductors
19.06.2005
EPCOS' high-power HPI series inductors cover the inductance range from 0,5 to 3,92 µH and handle currents up to 30 A.
Depending on the value of the inductance, the height of the product is 4,95 or 5,95 mm with an area size on the board of 11x13,1 mm. Electrical resistance range from 1,1 to 6,0 milliohm.
Small size and high currents make the inductors ideal for DC/DC converters, voltage regulators. The new components are made with lead-free technology.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Popcorn packaging for fragile items
▪ New Mobile Intel Processors
▪ New way to remove hydrogen from silicon surface
▪ The robot will find water on the moon
▪ artificial northern lights
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site for the Builder, home craftsman. Selection of articles
▪ article Portrait illusions. Encyclopedia of visual illusions
▪ article Which languages do not have related languages? Detailed answer
▪ birch article. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
▪ article Prefix on a tunnel diode. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article Chemical heating pad. Chemical Experience
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese