Table of contents (expand)
- The credit system of the Russian Federation: essence, structure, meaning
- Legal basis for the activities of banks in the Russian Federation (Laws "On banks and banking activities", "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)")
- Central banks, their functions (western model)
- Functions of the Central Bank of Russia
- Passive and active operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Monetary regulation of the economy by the Central Bank (Western and Russian models)
- Regulation and control by the Central Bank of the activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Organization by the Central Bank of cash circulation in the Russian Federation
- Refinancing of commercial banks by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the open market
- The essence and purpose of the fund of required reserves of commercial banks in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Banks of individual elite service - Private banking ("Private banking")
- Credit auctions: essence, order of organization, meaning
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on servicing the public debt of Russia
- Modern inflation: essence, causes, forms of manifestation and their types in the Russian Federation
- Money circulation and its structure
- Indicators of the volume and structure of the money supply in circulation in the Russian Federation
- Monetary systems, their main elements (Western model)
- Features of the monetary system of the Russian Federation
- Interbank loans in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Interest rate policy of Russian banks
- Stocks: types and characteristics
- Securities in the Russian Federation. Types and characteristics
- Loan capital market: structure and functions
- Securities market: structure and functions
- Primary securities market. Methods of issue of securities
- Stock exchange: organizational and functional mechanism in the Russian Federation
- Characteristics of the secondary securities market
- Features of retail banking services - Retail banking ("Retail banking")
- The essence of money, their functions
- Theories of money and inflation
- Credit money, their types
- Bill, its essence, types
- Government securities (western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy (Western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the Russian economy
- Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Formation of own resources of Russian banks
- Attracted resources of commercial banks in the Russian Federation
- Liability management in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Active operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Loan operations of commercial banks in the Russian Federation: essence, types, characteristics
- Documents submitted by the borrower for obtaining a loan from a commercial bank of the Russian Federation
- Forms of loan security
- Operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation with securities
- Investment activity of Russian banks
- Asset management of commercial banks
- Liquidity of credit institutions of the Russian Federation. Liquidity indicators
- Financial risks
- Characteristics of the bank's assets in terms of providing liquidity, profitability
- Forms of credit: commercial, banking, consumer, state, international
- Financial services of commercial banks (leasing, factoring, trust transactions)
- Settlement operations of commercial banks
- The main forms of cashless payments in the Russian Federation
- Formation of check circulation in the Russian Federation (checks of commercial banks)
- Main forms of international payments
- Foreign exchange operations of Russian banks
- Foreign exchange market in the Russian Federation: participants, structure
- Mortgage banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Investment banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Savings banks and their operations (Western model)
- Savings banks of the Russian Federation
- Insurance companies and their operations
- Pension funds and their operations
- Investment companies and investment funds (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Theories of credit
- The essence, functions and role of credit in the market economy of the Russian Federation
- International financial institutions
- Essence and functions of banking marketing
- Essence and functions of banking management
- Credit, investment and financial consulting
Forms of credit: commercial, banking, consumer, state, international
There are two main forms of credit on the market: commercial and banking. They differ from each other in the composition of participants, the object of loans, the dynamics, the amount of interest and the scope of operation.
commercial loan is provided by one operating enterprise to another in the form of the sale of goods on a deferred payment basis. The instrument of such a loan is a bill paid through a commercial bank. A feature of commercial credit is that loan capital here merges with industrial capital. The main purpose of such a loan is to speed up the process of selling goods and the profits contained in them. The interest on a commercial loan, which is included in the price of the goods and the amount of the bill, is usually lower than on a bank loan. The size of a commercial loan is limited by the amount of reserve capital available to industrial and trading companies.
Bank loan provided by banks and other financial institutions to legal entities, the public, the state, foreign clients in the form of cash loans. A bank loan exceeds the boundaries of a commercial loan in terms of direction, timing, size and has a wider scope. Replacing a commercial bill with a bank one makes this loan more flexible, expands its scale, and increases security. A bank loan has a dual character: it can act as a loan of capital for functioning enterprises, companies, or in the form of a loan of money, that is, as a means of payment for paying debts. As the credit system develops and expands, the growth rate of bank credit increases. Currently, there are several forms of bank loans:
Consumer credit, as a rule, is provided by trading companies, banks and specialized financial institutions for the purchase of goods and services by the population with installment payment. Usually, with the help of such a loan, durable goods are sold. Loan term - years, interest - from 10 to 25. In case of non-payment on it, the property is withdrawn by the creditor.
State loan should be divided into public credit and public debt. In the first case, state credit institutions lend to various sectors of the economy. In the second case, the state borrows money from banks and other financial institutions in the capital market to finance the budget deficit and public debt. At the same time, in addition to credit institutions, government bonds are bought by the population, legal entities, i.e. various enterprises and companies.
International credit is both private and public in nature, reflecting the movement of loan capital in the sphere of international economic and monetary and financial relations.
Author: Shevchuk D.A.
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