Table of contents (expand)
- The credit system of the Russian Federation: essence, structure, meaning
- Legal basis for the activities of banks in the Russian Federation (Laws "On banks and banking activities", "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)")
- Central banks, their functions (western model)
- Functions of the Central Bank of Russia
- Passive and active operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Monetary regulation of the economy by the Central Bank (Western and Russian models)
- Regulation and control by the Central Bank of the activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Organization by the Central Bank of cash circulation in the Russian Federation
- Refinancing of commercial banks by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the open market
- The essence and purpose of the fund of required reserves of commercial banks in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- Banks of individual elite service - Private banking ("Private banking")
- Credit auctions: essence, order of organization, meaning
- Operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on servicing the public debt of Russia
- Modern inflation: essence, causes, forms of manifestation and their types in the Russian Federation
- Money circulation and its structure
- Indicators of the volume and structure of the money supply in circulation in the Russian Federation
- Monetary systems, their main elements (Western model)
- Features of the monetary system of the Russian Federation
- Interbank loans in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Interest rate policy of Russian banks
- Stocks: types and characteristics
- Securities in the Russian Federation. Types and characteristics
- Loan capital market: structure and functions
- Securities market: structure and functions
- Primary securities market. Methods of issue of securities
- Stock exchange: organizational and functional mechanism in the Russian Federation
- Characteristics of the secondary securities market
- Features of retail banking services - Retail banking ("Retail banking")
- The essence of money, their functions
- Theories of money and inflation
- Credit money, their types
- Bill, its essence, types
- Government securities (western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the economy (Western model)
- Commercial banks: essence, types and role in the Russian economy
- Passive operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Formation of own resources of Russian banks
- Attracted resources of commercial banks in the Russian Federation
- Liability management in commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Active operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
- Loan operations of commercial banks in the Russian Federation: essence, types, characteristics
- Documents submitted by the borrower for obtaining a loan from a commercial bank of the Russian Federation
- Forms of loan security
- Operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation with securities
- Investment activity of Russian banks
- Asset management of commercial banks
- Liquidity of credit institutions of the Russian Federation. Liquidity indicators
- Financial risks
- Characteristics of the bank's assets in terms of providing liquidity, profitability
- Forms of credit: commercial, banking, consumer, state, international
- Financial services of commercial banks (leasing, factoring, trust transactions)
- Settlement operations of commercial banks
- The main forms of cashless payments in the Russian Federation
- Formation of check circulation in the Russian Federation (checks of commercial banks)
- Main forms of international payments
- Foreign exchange operations of Russian banks
- Foreign exchange market in the Russian Federation: participants, structure
- Mortgage banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Investment banks and their operations (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Savings banks and their operations (Western model)
- Savings banks of the Russian Federation
- Insurance companies and their operations
- Pension funds and their operations
- Investment companies and investment funds (western model, experience in the Russian Federation)
- Theories of credit
- The essence, functions and role of credit in the market economy of the Russian Federation
- International financial institutions
- Essence and functions of banking marketing
- Essence and functions of banking management
- Credit, investment and financial consulting
Active operations of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
Banking assets, like liabilities, consist of capital and current items. Capital items of assets - land, buildings owned by the bank; current - bank cash, discounted bills and other short-term liabilities, loans and investments. From the point of view of liquidity and profitability, four groups of banking assets can be distinguished.
The first group of bank assets is primary reserves. These are the most liquid assets, which include bank cash, checks and other payment documents in the process of collection, funds for corr. accounts with other commercial banks. Such assets do not generate income, but serve as the main source of the bank's liquidity.
The second group of assets is secondary reserves. These are low-yielding but highly liquid assets, which include bills of exchange and other short-term securities, demand loans and short-term loans to prime borrowers. The main purpose of this group of assets is to serve as a source of replenishment of primary reserves.
The third - the most important part of bank assets - a portfolio of bank loans. Bank loans are the most profitable, but also the most risky assets. This group of assets is the main source of the bank's profit.
The fourth group of banking assets is formed by a portfolio of securities (portfolio of bank investments). The formation of this portfolio has two goals: to bring income to the bank and to be an addition to secondary reserves as long-term securities mature and turn into short-term ones.
Up to 80% of banking assets account for accounting and loan operations, or credit operations and operations with securities. The first type includes lending operations. Operations in which banks act as guarantors, but do not invest their own funds, do not appear in the balance sheet asset, but are reflected in off-balance accounts and are called off-balance sheet, in addition to various types of guarantees, this includes unused obligations to provide loans, futures transactions with currencies and securities, various intermediary and trust operations. At the present stage, the share of bank profits received from off-balance sheet operations has sharply increased.
Increasing use of securities as a method of mobilizing resources ("securitization", "titrization") has influenced the structure of banking operations in several ways. First of all, the proportion of commercial banks' operations with securities increased. The second direction is the transformation of bank claims on their borrowers into securities, usually bonds ("securitization"). The most common form is the issuance of bonds by a bank based on the obligations of borrowers on a mortgage loan. By selling bonds on the secondary market, banks refinance mortgage loans to their customers. Finally, securitization led to an expansion of off-balance sheet trading in securities.
Author: Shevchuk D.A.
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