История культуры. Культура Московской Руси (самое важное)

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История культуры. Культура Московской Руси (самое важное)

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44. Culture of Moscow Russia

In the XV-XVI centuries. Russia finally got rid of the Mongol-Tatar invaders, the Russian united state was fully formed. These phenomena had a significant impact on culture. After all, it was the struggle of the Russian people against foreigners, the new tasks of the state that became the main topics in the development of Russian culture. In particular, this theme can be traced in the literature.

The most famous literary works of that time were "The Tale of the Capture of the City of Vladimir by Batu", "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu" (XIV century), telling about the times of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, praising the courage and courage of the Russian soldiers-liberators.

After the final unification of the Russian lands in the XV century. there is also a fusion of local cultures. Appears common Russian culture with its characteristic features that have been preserved for many centuries.

In the XV century. a new literary genre appeared - literary travel. Merchant Afanasiy Nikitin described his journey to India (1466-1472) in his notes "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". This work is distinguished by its versatility.

An important stage in the development of Russian literature was the emergence of printing at the end of the XNUMXth century. Prior to this, parchment began to be replaced by paper. The first printing house appeared in Moscow, headed by Ivan Fedorov (c. 1510-1583) и Peter Mstisla-vets. At the initial stage of the formation of a unified Russian state, the most architecturally developed were Novgorod and Pskov. Since these cities suffered the least during the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

In the XIV century. New architectural forms began to take shape in Novgorod. The new style is characterized by elegant external decoration. These are fresco paintings, and sculptural crosses, and decorative niches. But not only temples were erected in Novgorod, civil construction was widely carried out. A striking example of urban architecture are Faceted Chamber (1433) and Stone Kremlin (1302).

And of course, in the new state, the construction of the capital begins. The most famous of the architectural works of Moscow - Moscow Kremlin. It was originally fortified with a rampart. But during the reign Ivan IIIbegan its transformation. In 1485-1495. the white stone walls were replaced with brick. During the reign of Ivan III in 1475-1479. was built Assumption Cathedral, and in 1484-1489. - Blagoveshchensky cathedral, and was also built Faceted Chamber (1487-1491). During the reign of his son Basil III (1505-1508) was built Cathedral of the Archangel Moscow Kremlin, the bell tower "Ivan the Great" (1505-1508), which was built on in 1600.

Inseparably from architecture, painting also developed. First of all, iconography. Brilliant artists of the XIV-XV centuries. were Theophanes the Greek (c. 1340 - after 1405) и Andrei Rublev (c. 1360/70 - c. 1430).

So, the culture of Muscovite Russia in the XIV-XVI centuries. - this is a symbol of prosperity, the beginning of the formation of a single all-Russian culture.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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