History of culture. Empire period (most important)

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History of culture. Empire period (most important)

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27. Empire period

The empire period is divided into two phases: early empire (late I century BC - II century AD) and late empire (late III - late V centuries).

The early empire is usually called the principate; it is characterized by the flourishing of a huge Roman state.

In the era of the early empire, science flourished in Rome. Cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, Alexandria, and others become scientific centers. Geography and medicine can be singled out among the sciences.

Roman writer and scholar Pliny the Elder (23/24-79 AD) creates an encyclopedia on geography, zoology, botany and mineralogy, called "Natural History". Ancient Greek scholar and historian Strabo (64/63 BC - 23/24 AD) sums up all the knowledge of the ancient world in geography in his work Geography, which consisted of seventeen books. Another ancient Greek scholar Ptolemy (after 83 - after 161 AD) created an encyclopedia, where he collected all the knowledge of the ancient era on astronomy, his work was called "Almagest". Among physicians, it is worth highlighting the doctor Galena (129-199 AD), who studied human respiration, the activity of the human spinal cord and brain. His main work is “On the Parts of the Human Body.” In it he gives a complete description of human anatomy. During the era of the early empire, jurisprudence continued to develop. It is primarily associated with the names of such lawyers as Guy (second half of the 145nd century), Papinian (c. 212-170), Ulpian (c. 228-XNUMX) (like the writings of Papian, his writings were also recognized as legally binding in 426). The literature of the era of the early empire also reached greatness. A special role here is assigned to the approximate emperor Augustus - Gaius Cylinius Maecenas (74/64-8 BC), whose name would later become a household name, since he helped the Roman poets in every possible way.

At the end of the second century, there was a crisis of the Roman Empire, and with it a cultural crisis. The era of the early empire is replaced by the era of the late empire in the third century. There are changes in the state system - the principate is replaced dominant (unrestricted monarchy). But these changes could not save the Roman Empire, and in 395 it fell apart into two parts: western (center - Rome) and eastern (center - in Constantinople). At this time, the first signs of the Christian religion appeared on the territory of the Roman Empire, especially in its eastern provinces. At the initial stage, Christianity was forbidden, but with the coming to power of the emperor Constantine (272-337 AD) the situation is changing. He allows Christians to preach their religion, and later Christianity becomes the state religion. The new religion markedly influenced both the fine arts and architecture. The first Christian churches (basilicas) appear. The culture of Ancient Rome, together with the culture of Ancient Greece, gave a powerful impetus to the development of European culture and are themselves great cultural monuments of all mankind.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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