4. Basic concepts of culture

Let us dwell on the basic concepts of culture in more detail.

Artifact (from lat. artefactum - "artificially made") culture is a unit of culture. That is, an object that carries with it not only physical features, but also symbolic ones. Such artifacts include clothes of a particular era, interior items, etc.

Civilization - the totality of all the characteristics of society, often this concept acts as a synonym for the concept of "culture". According to the public figure and thinker Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), civilization is the stage of human development following barbarism. The same theory was adhered to by the American historian and ethnographer Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881). He presented his theory of the development of human society in the form of a sequence: savagery > barbarism > civilization.

Etiquette - the established order of conduct in any circles of society. It is divided into business, casual, guest, military, etc.

historical traditions - elements of cultural heritage that are passed down from generation to generation. Distinguish optimistic и pessimistic historical traditions. Optimists include the German philosopher Immanuel KantEnglish philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), German philosopher, esthetician and critic Johann Gottfried Herder. These and other optimistic philosophers viewed culture as a community of people, progress, love and order. In their opinion, the world is dominated by a positive principle, that is, good. Their goal is to achieve humanity.

The opposite of optimism is pessimism (from Latin pessimus - "worst"). According to pessimistic philosophers, it is not good that prevails in the world, but the negative principle, that is, evil and chaos. The pioneer of this doctrine was the German philosopher-irrationalist Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). His philosophy became widespread in Europe at the end of the 19th century. In addition to A. Schopenhauer, supporters of the pessimistic theory were Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist, the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), as well as Friedrich Nietzsche, who advocated cultural anarchy. These philosophers were interesting because they denied all cultural boundaries and were against all kinds of prohibitions imposed on human cultural activity.

Culture is an integral part of human life. It organizes human life as a genetically programmed behavior.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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