История культуры. Что такое культура (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

История культуры. Что такое культура (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

1. What is culture

When in the Middle Ages a new way of cultivating cereals appeared, more progressive and improved, called the Latin word culture, no one could yet guess how much the concept of this expression would change and expand. If the term agriculture and in our time means the cultivation of cereals, then already in the XVIII-XIX centuries. the very word culture will lose its usual meaning. A person who possesses elegance of manners, upbringing, and erudition began to be called cultural. The "cultured" aristocrats were thus separated from the "uncivilized" common people. In Germany there was a similar word culture, which meant a high level of development of civilization.

From the point of view of the enlighteners of the XVIII century. the word culture was explained as "reasonableness". This rationality related primarily to social orders and political institutions, the main criteria for its evaluation were achievements in the field of art and science. To make people happy is the main goal of culture. It coincides with the desires of the human mind. This trend, which believes that the main goal of a person is to achieve happiness, bliss, joy, is called eudemonism. His supporters were the French Enlightener Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755), Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico (1668-1744), French philosopher Paul Henri Holbach (1723-1789), French writer and philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), French philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803). Culture began to be perceived as a scientific category only in the second half of the 19th century.

The concept of culture is becoming more and more inseparable from the concept of civilization. For some philosophers, these boundaries did not exist at all, for example, for the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the existence of such boundaries was undeniable; he pointed out them in his writings. An interesting fact is that already at the beginning of the 20th century. German historian and philosopher Oswasd Spengler (1880-1936)On the contrary, he contrasted the concept of “culture” with the concept of “civilization.” He “revived” the concept of culture, comparing it with a certain set of closed “organisms”, endowing them with the ability to live and die. After death, culture turns into the opposite civilization, in which naked technicalism kills everything creative.

The modern concept of culture has expanded significantly, but the similarities in its modern comprehension and in its understanding in the 250th-300th centuries. stayed. It, as before, for most people is associated with various types of art (theatre, music, painting, literature), good education. At the same time, the modern definition of culture has discarded the former aristocracy. Along with this, the meaning of the word culture is extremely broad; an accurate and well-established definition of culture does not yet exist. Modern scientific literature gives a huge number of definitions of culture. According to some data, there are about XNUMX-XNUMX of them, according to others - over a thousand. At the same time, all these definitions, in turn, are correct, because in a broad sense the word culture is defined as something social, artificial, it goes in contrast to everything natural, created by nature.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

>> Forward: The main interpretations of the term "culture"

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ National economy. Lecture notes

▪ Consumer behavior. Crib

▪ Hospital Pediatrics. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Wi-Fi standard up to 4,6 Gbps 16.10.2014

Samsung has improved the Wi-Fi 802.11ad wireless standard, setting a new speed record for this type of connection. The presented technology, for the functioning of which the 60 GHz band was used, allows you to download files at a speed five times higher than that of existing wireless networks.

According to a report on the Samsung website, the new Wi-Fi equipment is ready to provide data transfer at a speed of 575 MB / s (4,6 Gb / s), while all solutions available today are limited to a “modest” 108 MB / s.

“Our company has successfully overcome the barrier to commercialization of the 60 GHz frequency required to create innovative equipment capable of demonstrating the announced parameters. Now we hope for the commercialization and implementation of the announced technology,” the head of the R&D center of Samsung Electronics shared his vision of the situation.

At the same time, for the Wi-Fi 802.11ad 60 GHz channel, it does not matter at all how many devices are simultaneously connected to the network due to the elimination of co-channel interference. As a result, the declared nominal speed should not differ from the real one. And in order to avoid attenuation as much as possible, it is planned to install an antenna and modem with a coverage that exceeds modern standards, as well as use a unique beamforming technology. It will allow you to configure and adapt the signal of the module used in just 1/3000 of a second in case there are changes in communication conditions due to external factors.

As for the market launch of Wi-Fi 802.11ad, it should take place already in 2015. Samsung plans to implement proprietary technology in equipment of various classes. 4,6Gbps wireless connectivity can become an integral part of the Internet of Things, smart homes, medical and telecommunications equipment, and mobile devices.

Other interesting news:

▪ Sony PlayStation Move

▪ Nokia Treasure Tag smart tags

▪ Electronic skin that senses touch

▪ VL6180X - distance, light and gesture sensor

▪ On the benefits of family scandals

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Data transfer. Article selection

▪ article Sun of Austerlitz. Popular expression

▪ article How do our kidneys function? Detailed answer

▪ article An employee serving diving descents. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Generator for the odometer (electronic speedometer) of the car. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Transformation in a matchbox. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews