История культуры. Модернизм. Экзистенциализм (самое важное)

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История культуры. Модернизм. Экзистенциализм (самое важное)

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40. Modernism. Existentialism

Despite following the classical traditions, in the literature of the XX century. very noticeable influence modernism. This influence can be traced in Marcel Proust's novel "In Search of Lost Time", the works of the Austrian writer Franz Kafka ("The Trial", "America", etc.), the Irish writer James Joyce (1882-1941) ("Dubliners", "Ulysses", "Portrait of the Artist in his youth"). Many writers in their works use a new creative principle, characteristic of Western European literature at the beginning of the XNUMXth century, - "stream of consciousness". This term was first used by an American philosopher and psychologist. William James in his book The Scientific Foundations of Psychology (1890). This principle is understood as the transfer of the processes of mental life, a kind of "inner monologue". This makes, when reading the book, to believe in one's presence in the conditions described by the author, to empathize with the characters more strongly.

The Second World War affected not only people's lives, but also culture. A new direction emerged in philosophy and literature - existentialism (from late Latin exsistentia- "existence"). The main theme of existentialism is human existence with its manifestations (fears, worries, conscience, etc.).

Existentialism has two branches:

1) religious existentialism (German philosopher Karl Jaspers, French philosopher and playwright Gabriel Honore Marcel, etc.);

2) atheistic existentialism (French writer Jean Paul Sartre, French writer and thinker Albert Camus). Probably one of the most significant events in the history of culture of the XX century. - the emergence of a new ("seventh") art form, cinematography. At the initial stage it was silent cinema, but in 1927 cinema became sound. Cinematography cannot be considered as a separate art form, because it is a synthesis of literature, theater, music, fine arts, etc. At the initial stage of its existence, cinema is associated with such names as Rene Clair, Jean Renoir, Jean Cocteau и Marcel Carne. These outstanding French directors made cinema independent.

The cinema of the post-war period is, first of all, films Jean Luc Godard, Francois Truffaut, Roberto Rossellini, Luis Buñuel, Frederico Fellini and more

For the first two decades after the end of the Second World War, the problematic cinema of the "new wave" is in the lead. In its place comes the heyday of comedy. Fantasy films, melodramas, adventures, action films and many other genres appear. The United States plays a huge role in cinema. Hollywood is of particular importance. It was here until the 50s. was the bulk of the American film industry. A new national genre appears in American cinema - western. Gradually, the United States is becoming a leader in cinema. The largest number of films and movie stars appear here. Hollywood becomes the pioneer of American aesthetics and standards of mass culture in the United States, the influence of which on the rest is enormous.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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