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26. Period of the Republic
The period of the republic is divided into two stages: early republic (late VI - early III centuries BC) and late republic (mid III - the end of the I centuries BC).
During the period of the early republic, the entire territory of the Apennine Peninsula fell into the hands of Rome. Rome begins to conquer Greek cities (Southern Italy), thereby joining the higher Greek culture at that time.
In Rome, a new art form appears - the theater and a new profession - the artist.
The Roman army was celebrated for its excellent discipline, which was maintained through harsh punishments for those who violated it, as well as rewards for distinguished soldiers.
From the sixties of the third century BC, the period of the late republic begins in Rome. Its beginning was marked by such historical events as the transformation of Macedonia and Greece into Roman provinces, as well as the destruction of the main Roman enemy - Carthage.
In the middle of the second century BC, a new form of government appears - principate, which is a hereditary dictatorship. The basic principles of the new government were laid down by the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus (63-14 BC).
In the days of Ancient Rome, legal science reached colossal heights. There was a huge library dedicated to jurisprudence. Its main authors were Servius Sulpicius Rufus (c. 105-43 BC) и Mucius Scaevola ca. 140-82 BC e.).
For Roman architecture, originating in Greek, was characterized by the desire to emphasize strength, power, greatness. The practicality characteristic of the Romans led to the fact that the construction of temples faded into the background. First of all, buildings and structures with specific functions were built.
The architectural buildings were characterized by pomp, abundance of decorations, and a penchant for ideal geometry.
During the Roman Republic, new types of architectural structures appeared.
1. basilicas. They were rectangular structures, which were broken from the inside by rows of columns.
2. Thermae. These were primarily bathhouses; in addition, there were libraries, sports halls, places for games, etc.
3. amphitheaters - buildings with an oval arena with seats for spectators located in a circle.
4. Circuses. They held competitions between chariots.
The great contribution of the Romans was made in the creation of sculptures. A new type of sculpture has appeared - togatus, a statue depicting a man in a toga (Roman clothing), primarily an orator. In addition to togatus, the Romans created busts. The most famous of them: busts of Caesar and Cicero, Brutus and "Orator".
Author: Dorohova M.A.
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