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37. Romanticism. Realism
Romantics began to abandon objectivity in favor of subjective creative imagination.
Among the writers of romanticism, it is worth highlighting Jean Paul (1763-1825), founder of romantic ethics, author of the novels "Hesperus", "Siebenkäz" and others, as well as a romanticist, a brilliant German writer Ernst Theodor Hoffmann (1776-1822).
The pinnacle of English romanticism was the lyricist George Noel Gordon Byron (1766-1824). His works are characterized by protest. The main character, a rebel and an individualist, strives for freedom and is often pessimistic.
In the XNUMXth century Progressive romanticism began to stand out in France. His followers include writers Victor Hugo (1802-1885).
Among romantic composers, a special place is occupied by F. Schubert, K. M. Weber, R. Wagner, G. Berlioz, N. Paganini, F. Chopin, F. Liszt.
Austrian composer Franz Schubert (1797-1828) is the creator of romantic songs and ballads, he owns several vocal cycles, symphonies, ensembles. He is rightly called the largest representative of early romanticism.
The founder of the German romantic opera is a composer and conductor, as well as a music critic Carl Maria von Weber.
Another German composer and conductor brought innovations to the opera Richard Wagner (1813-1883). In his operas, he added a poetic and philosophical meaning to the musical basis.
Romanticism was also reflected in the visual arts. In France, romanticism is associated primarily with the painter Theodore Gericault (1791 - 1824). His works are distinguished by dramatic tension and psychologism.
Another romantic painter is compatriot T. Gericault Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863), the works are imbued with the spirit of freedom, tension, and excitement.
But romanticism did not last forever. The time has come when he completely exhausted himself. Then he was replaced by a new direction of art - realism. It began to take shape in the thirties of the 19th century. And by the middle of the century it became the dominant direction in the art of modern times. It is characterized by conveying the truth of life.
In literature, realism reached its peak in the work of the French writer Honore de Balzac (1799-1850).
Another realist writer, French Prosper Merimee (1803-1870) rightfully considered the master of the novel. His works are elegant, concise, have a refined form.
The greatest realist in England is the writer Charles Dickens (1812-1870), the founder of a new direction - critical realism. Describing the various layers of English society, he ridicules its vices and shortcomings.
In the art of music, realism is characterized by the emergence of a new direction - verism.
Author: Dorohova M.A.
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