History of culture. Age of Enlightenment (XVII-XVIII centuries) (most important)

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History of culture. Age of Enlightenment (XVII-XVIII centuries) (most important)

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32. Age of Enlightenment (XVII-XVIII centuries)

The purpose of the Enlightenment is to make the whole people more educated. That is why the significance of the Enlightenment as a whole for the entire cultural process in the world is very great. Thanks to him, the cultural framework was noticeably expanded, which until then covered only an insignificant layer of society.

Equality is what the Enlightenment brought to life. It was the concept of equality that became the key to further cultural development. The fact that all people are initially equal among themselves and have the same rights to their further development as individuals served as the basis for the creation of the ideals of the Enlightenment.

It is worth noting that the Enlightenment era was characterized by optimistic moods associated with the belief that a person can be changed for the better. No wonder there was another definition of the Enlightenment as the "golden age of utopia." This utopia referred primarily to a change in the political and social foundations. A harmonious society living according to reason, with a sense of responsibility for each individual person - this is the ideal social structure of utopian enlighteners.

The feudal system gave way to a new bourgeois type of economic relations. But the transition was not very smooth. It was preceded not just by gradual progressive transformations, but by real upheavals that affected various aspects of human life. Leadership emerges in philosophy rationalism, which replaced metaphysics. That is, it was the mind that began to be revered as the basis of human knowledge and behavior.

England is considered the birthplace of the Enlightenment. Even the church here did not go against the Enlightenment, but accepting its values and ideals. The reorganization of society after the revolution and civil wars, the strengthening of the rule of law with its desire for equality made England a kind of standard that other states aspired to.

The first to formulate the program of the English Enlightenment, which was also followed in France, was the philosopher John Locke(1632-1704).

The idea of equality was also adhered to by another English educator, the philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). He believed that all people are equal by nature, and inequality is the cause of many troubles, such as conflicts, wars, etc. And in order to avoid these troubles, T. Hobbes believed, every person needs to get rid of his selfish passions.

But there were thinkers who held a completely opposite opinion. Thus was born a new direction in philosophy, called ethics of self-love or reasonable selfishness. His followers were the English thinker and writer Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733), as well as an English philosopher and sociologist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).

The Enlightenment in France became famous for the names of great thinkers. Primarily - Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot и Charles Louis Montesquieu.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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