History of culture. Causes of Cultural Differences (Most Important)

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History of culture. Causes of Cultural Differences (Most Important)

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53. Causes of cultural differences

Studies of the cultures of different countries point to the fact that they have both similarities and differences. The national culture of one country differs from the national culture of another country, and at the same time they are included in the general concept - world culture. And on a global scale, it is very important to have such a concept as cultural universals. What is it? Cultural universals include those norms, rules, cultural values, traditions, etc. that are common to all cultures in the world. Cultural universals do not depend either on the historical moment, or on the geographical location, or even on the social structure. Different scientists count different numbers of cultural universals, there are about seventy of them. These are cooking, age gradation, calendar, family, holidays, music, number, person’s name, etc. Many thinkers see the reason for the existence of such universals in biological circumstances, such as the human need for food, the existence of two sexes, the need for warmth, the presence of age-related differences, etc. But despite the fact that these cultural universals are inherent in everyone, they can also be different for different cultures.

There are many factors that explain such differences in the cultures of many countries. One of the most important factors is geographical position. A striking example is the East-West cultural boundary. If we compare the countries of the West and the East in the ancient world, then there are not very many such differences in cultures; basically, development went in the same directions. Many scientists believe that the similarities in the cultures of the ancient East and the ancient world are only accidental. The proof of this is further cultural divergence. An important factor is the role of the individual in relation to the state and religion. In the East, there was often a contrast between a strong and powerful ruler, state power and a weak and subordinate person. In the West, development moved towards democratic relations, the government did not suppress people. The same is true for religious views. In Europe, adherents of Christianity predominate; in many eastern countries, Islam is the state religion. And if in Christianity God descends to man, and man ascends to God, then in Islam there is always a boundary between God and man, God is strong and powerful, and man will never understand all his secrets and laws, he can only believe in them.

Do not forget that cultural differences are also found on the territory of one country in the same historical period. Indeed, along with dominant culture always is subculture and even counterculture, which are completely opposite to the majority culture. This often depends on age differences (the culture of young people is different from that of older people), differences in people's occupational backgrounds, urban culture is different from rural culture, etc.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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