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19. Kushano-Gupta era
Culture of the Kushan Dynasty c. n. e.) is characterized by the presence of two schools of art:
1) Gandharian (with her anthropomorphic Buddha image);
2) mathura (the main direction is secular sculpture).
In the fourth century AD, the Kushan state collapsed and gave way to the Gupta state, which was the last slave-owning power in this territory.
The period of Gupta rule is significant for the flourishing of material culture. So, agriculture, various crafts (making jewelry, weapons) developed noticeably, sericulture spread, the finest fabrics made of silk and cotton began to appear, and metallurgy reached a high level.
In addition, fine arts and architecture have made progress. The most common structures were stone buildings, cave temples with many sculptures, wall paintings, and carvings. Fine art most often uses scenes from the life of the Buddha, mythological themes, as well as magnificent patterns, images of nature and everyday life.
Changes in power led to changes in religious beliefs. If during the Kushan dynasty the main religion was still Buddhism (but Buddha is now not just a teacher, he is a deity), then after the collapse of the Kushan dynasty, the flowering of Buddhism ended, which gradually gave way to Hinduism. The main impetus for the adoption of the new faith was primarily the social system that formed under the Guptas. We are talking about the result of social inequality caste system. Castes were groups of people who were united by the same social functions that they performed, their professions, etc. And it was the new religion (Hinduism) that recognized the existence of such castes.
The main feature of Hinduism is the veneration of the triad of gods, which included:
1) Brahma - creator god. According to the Hindus, he was the creator of the universe;
2) Vishnu - guardian god, guardian of the world order;
3) Shiva - God-destroyer, "master of animals." He appeared to the Hindus as the embodiment of cosmic energy.
But despite the great importance of religion in people's lives, scientific knowledge played a huge role. Astronomy has developed greatly. It was the ancient Indian astronomers who began to divide the year into twelve months, each of which had thirty days. For the first time, theories began to appear about the sphericity of the Earth and about its rotation around its own axis.
In addition to astronomy, mathematics also achieved notable successes. Back in the days of the Harappan culture, the decimal number system was formulated, which people use to this day. Such sciences as algebra, trigonometry and geometry stood out.
The religion of the ancient Indian people influenced the development of such sciences as medicine and chemistry.
Author: Dorohova M.A.
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