History of culture. Kievan Rus and the era of feudal fragmentation (the most important)

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History of culture. Kievan Rus and the era of feudal fragmentation (the most important)

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42. Kievan Rus and the era of feudal fragmentation

The main idea of the "Tale of Bygone Years", written by a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor in 1113, - the unity of Russia. In his work, Nestor points to the beginning of princely strife and strife, condemning them.

In the XI-XII centuries. the names of 39 scribes are known, 15 of them were clergy. As in Europe, during the Middle Ages, the culture of Russia was greatly influenced by the church. As a result, the most widespread church literature. The development of literature in Russia was hampered by the fact that literature existed only within the framework of the manuscript tradition. Until the XV-XVI centuries. continued to write on parchment, calfskin. Quills and ink (or cinnabar) were used for writing. This situation continued until the XNUMXth century. That is why, due to the high cost of the material, scribes always tried to save money with handwriting and abbreviations under titles. The words were written without syllable separation. Thanks to its clarity and solemnity, the handwriting of the 11th-13th centuries. got the name charter. Often, to increase the speed of writing, a type of charter was used - semi-charter, it appeared in the 14th century.

Old Russian literature can be divided into two sections:

1. Translated literature, which was considered part of national literature. These were mainly church works.

2. Original literature, written by East Slavic authors. In addition to the three well-known genres of ancient Russian literature (chronicle, life and word), the speechrelated to the genre of eloquence. Mostly the speeches were of an edifying nature, so they were often called teachings.

In addition to speeches (teachings), there was another genre that required, in addition to ideology, and literary skill. This genre is called solemn eloquence.

1185th century - the time of exacerbation of feudal fragmentation. It was at this time that the most significant work appeared, written in Kyiv around 1812 - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". The fate of this manuscript was very tragic, in XNUMX the Moscow fire on Razgulyai carried away a great literary monument, and at the same time instilled many doubts in scientists. Since a copy of the manuscript has survived to this day, this has given rise to disputes about the originality of the text in it. Versions about the unreliability of this copy are offered to this day.

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is a unique work of the lyrical epic genre, imbued with love for the motherland, for the Russian people, for its history. The "Word" greatly influenced subsequent generations, becoming a source of inspiration not only for writers, but also for artists and musicians.

The invasion of Batu did not go unnoticed in ancient Russian literature. By 1238-1246. The creation of the "Word about the destruction of the Russian land" also concerns the creation of the "Tale of the devastation of Ryazan by Batu" on the topic of the invasion.

Author: Dorohova M.A.

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