The concept of emergency situations. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Free library / Directory / Basics of safe life

The concept of emergency situations. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The thousand-year practice of human activity shows that it is impossible to achieve absolute security in any type of activity. Therefore, any activity is potentially dangerous. Emergencies (ES), no matter what reasons they arise, have a negative impact on nature and man.

The main causes of emergencies:

1) internal:

a) the complexity of technologies;

b) insufficient qualification of the personnel;

c) design flaws;

d) physical and moral deterioration of equipment;

e) low labor and technological discipline;

2) external:

a) natural disasters;

b) an unexpected power outage;

c) gases of technological products;

d) terrorism;

e) war.

Emergencies can occur when:

1) the presence of a source of risk (pressure, explosives, radioactive substances);

2) the action of risk factors (gas release, explosion, fire);

3) being in the lesions of people, farm animals and land.

An analysis of the causes and course of development of emergencies of a different nature revealed their common feature - staging. There are five stages (periods) of emergency development:

1) accumulation of negative effects leading to an accident;

2) the period of development of the catastrophe;

3) an extreme period during which the main share of energy is released;

4) damping period;

5) the period of liquidation of consequences.

Emergencies call the circumstances arising as a result of natural, natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes of man-made, environmental origin, military, social and political nature, causing a sharp deviation from the norm of life of people, the economy, the social sphere or the natural environment.

The literature often uses the concept of "extreme situation", which reflects the impact on a person of dangerous and harmful factors leading to an accident or excessive negative emotional psychological impact.

Extreme situations (ES) include:

1) injuries at work;

2) fires;

3) explosions;

4) traffic accidents;

5) circumstances that can lead to injuries of varying severity.

Emergencies - events of great scale, covering a large territory and threatening a large number of people.

In general, emergencies can be considered as a combination of emergencies and ES. ES under certain conditions can develop into an emergency.

The combination of ES and emergency situations is called a dangerous situation.

Natural disasters - these are dangerous phenomena or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such scales in which catastrophic situations arise, characterized by a sudden disruption of people's life, destruction and destruction of material values.

The concept of risk

The public's perception of risk and hazards is subjective. People react sharply to events accompanied by a large number of one-time victims. At the same time, frequent events that result in the death of a few or small groups of people do not cause such a tense attitude.

Every day, 40-50 people die at work in the country, and more than 1000 people die in the country as a whole. But this information is less impressive than the death of 5-10 people in one accident or any conflict. Acceptable risk includes mechanical, economic, social and political aspects and represents some compromise between the level of safety and the ability to achieve it. Distinguish individual и social risk. Individual risk characterizes the danger of a certain type for an individual.

Социальный, or group is a risk for a group of people. Social risk can be defined as the relationship between the frequency of events and the number of people affected.

Risk value (R) can be calculated using the formula:

R=n/N,

where n - the number of accidents;

N is the total number of people.

Consider four methodological approaches to risk identification:

1. Engineeringstatistically based calculation of frequencies, probabilistic safety analysis.

2. Model based on building models of the impact of harmful factors on an individual, social, professional groups, etc.

3. Expert, in which the probability of events is determined on the basis of a survey of experienced specialists, i.e. experts.

4. Sociologicalbased on a population survey.

These methods reflect different aspects of risk. Therefore, they must be used in combination.

Accidents is damage to a machine, machine tool, installation, production line, power supply system, equipment, vehicle, building or structure.

Catastrophe - an event with tragic consequences, a major accident with loss of life: a plane crashed, there are casualties.

There are the following types of disasters:

1) environmental catastrophe - a natural disaster, a major industrial or transport accident (catastrophe), which led to extremely unfavorable changes in the habitat and, as a rule, to massive damage to flora, fauna, soil, air and nature in general;

2) industrial or transport accident - a major accident that entailed human casualties and significant material damage;

3) man-made disaster - a sudden, unforeseen release of mechanical, chemical, thermal, radiation and other energy.

Author: Muradova E.O.

We recommend interesting articles Section Basics of safe life:

▪ Physiological basis of labor

▪ Military duty and its content

▪ Features of survival in conditions of forced autonomy at sea

See other articles Section Basics of safe life.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Step to Plasmon Crystals 27.05.2005

Physicists from Germany and Korea measured the lifetime of a plasmon.

The creation of femtosecond lasers, that is, those in which the light pulse lasts less than one oscillation of an atom in the lattice of a solid, gives rise to a fundamentally new optics before our eyes. It is associated with the so-called plasmonic crystals.

The fact is that an ultrashort pulse of light, hitting the surface of a solid body, is not capable of vibrating atoms and all its energy is converted into an excitation of an electron gas, which takes the form of a special quasi-particle - a plasmon, more precisely, a surface plasmonic polaritron. After some time, this excitement again turns into light.

The most interesting thing is that by creating a periodic pattern of nanoholes and nanogrooves on this very surface, the fate of plasmons can be controlled. The way is opened both to the study of the properties of nanomaterials, and to the creation of plasmonic waveguides that will deliver the qubits of quantum computers of the future where necessary.

Another property of plasmons was revealed by scientists from the Max Born Institute in Berlin and Seoul National University. They irradiated a metal surface with nanogrooves with 10-femtosecond laser pulses and unexpectedly found out that the polaritron lives for a very long time, much longer than the light pulse that generated it - as much as three hundred femtoseconds.

The reason is in the internal structure. Since it depends on the wavelength of the incident light and the parameters of the nanopattern, scientists have in their hands a tool for flexible control of the movements of the plasmon with its subsequent transformation into light.

Other interesting news:

▪ Self-charging phone

▪ Electric capsule to stimulate the stomach and improve appetite

▪ Automatic taxi

▪ Huawei NetEngine 9000 Petabit Backbone Router

▪ USB alarm clock

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Videotechnique. Article selection

▪ article Down with weapons! Popular expression

▪ article When and by whom were submarine and air aircraft carriers used? Detailed answer

▪ Article Wild Pepper. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Harmonic quartz oscillators. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Active load regulator, 8-20 volts 0,2-3,0 amperes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews