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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Features of survival in conditions of forced autonomy at sea. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Before considering rational measures for the struggle for the life of the shipwrecked and determining the time during which they must be rescued, it is necessary to know the causes of the death of such victims. Of the 200 thousand annual victims of maritime disasters, about half die near the coast, approximately 50 thousand people (about a quarter of all shipwreck victims) find themselves directly in the water and drown immediately or shortly after the disaster on the high seas. Many of them die, apparently as a result of hypothermia in the water (more on this later) and can only be saved if help arrives in time before the onset of cold shock. As a result of shipwrecks, about 50 people die each year while already on life-saving equipment, and long before the conditions in which they find themselves become truly deadly. What are the reasons for their death? The decisive role is played by the moral factor: loss of courage and reason, panic fear, a sense of hopelessness. 90% of the victims who find themselves on rescue equipment die within the first three days after the shipwreck, when there can be no question of dying from thirst, and even more so from hunger. Moreover, in many cases people die despite the fact that they have sufficient supplies of water and food. For example, the first ships approached the site of the sinking of the Titanic three hours after its collision with the iceberg, and there were already many dead and in a state of reactive psychosis in the lifeboats; it is noteworthy that among them there was not a single child under the age of 10 years. There are also examples to the contrary. Captain Blay, whom the rebellious crew landed on a boat with an 8-day supply of food and water, was on the high seas for 40 days and survived. During the Great Patriotic War, the defender of Sevastopol, sailor of the Black Sea Fleet Pavel Yeresko, found himself in a boat on the high seas, having only one can of canned food and drinking sea water, was picked up after 35 days and survived. From this it follows that, with the preservation of courage and the hope of salvation, it is quite possible to survive being on life-saving equipment on the high seas even without fresh water and food for a long time. It is known that water is more important for a person than food: one can live without food for 30 days or more, while without water, death from dehydration occurs in no more than 10 days. Therefore, first of all, shipwrecked people need to drink. At the same time, you can quench your thirst with rainwater. However, as is often the case, it may not rain for a long time. Therefore, thought turns to sea water. Can you drink it? As mentioned earlier, it is possible, but with some reservations. Sea water is a 3,5% salt solution: one liter of it contains (in grams) sodium chloride (NaCl) - 27,3, magnesia (MgCl2) - 3,4, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) - 2,0, calcium sulfate (CaSC^) - 1,3, calcium chloride (САС12) - 0,6, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - 0,1. Moreover, the amount of these substances, except for table salt, in sea water is the same as in various mineral waters, and, therefore, their use in such concentrations is not dangerous. The danger is a high concentration (almost 3%) of sodium chloride, and therefore, when sea water is consumed in large quantities and its concentration in the body increases, the capabilities of the Malpighian glomeruli of the kidneys are exceeded and nephritis develops, leading to death. If you eat unsalted food, covering the daily diet of table salt with drinking sea water, then without danger to life you can drink 800-900 ml per day for at least 5 days or more. If salvation has not come within this period, then water can be obtained from fish, which contains 60-80% of it, because the body of the fish has fresh water. Salt in it, with rare exceptions, is much less than in the meat of mammals. Consequently, the shipwrecked need to get fish, three kilograms of which is enough to fully satisfy the need for water for one person with the liquid extracted from it. By quenching their thirst in one of the above ways or a combination of them, shipwrecked will undoubtedly be able to prevent death from dehydration. But if you have to stay at sea for a long time, then you need to satisfy your hunger. Fish should serve as food, which contains proteins in sufficient quantities, including essential amino acids, fats and vitamins A, D, B1, and B2. However, fish almost completely lacks carbohydrates and B vitamins.12 and C. Hydrocarbons, with a sufficient amount of water, are formed in the human body itself from proteins and fats. Prolonged absence of B vitamins in the human body12 although it causes anemia and lethargy, it is not life-threatening. Scurvy - the scourge of sailors in recent times - can be prevented by eating plankton, which contains a large amount of vitamin C. It follows from this: in order to survive in the sea, shipwrecked are forced to fish and plankton, so the rescue equipment of ships must be equipped with elementary equipment (fishing tackle and plankton net). So, the physiological characteristics of the conditions in which a person finds himself on a rescue craft on the high seas leaves no doubt about his ability to survive in these conditions and should serve as a basis for overcoming despair and hopelessness. Overcoming the feeling of fear, hopelessness, despair and loneliness, maintaining courage, mental fortitude and hope for salvation, shipwrecked on the high seas have the opportunity to survive and reach the shore if they find themselves on rescue equipment. Therefore, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea provides for the supply of ships with life-saving appliances in an amount sufficient for the crew and all passengers. Ships and ships are equipped with life-saving appliances for collective and individual use. The main such means of collective use are lifeboats and rafts, and the means of individual use are life belts, circles and balls. In accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea lifeboats marine vessels must meet the following requirements:
Fairly reliable life-saving means are life raftsvarious capacities, which are rigid and inflatable. In recent years, more and more preference has been given to inflatable rafts, which, when not in operation, are stored in sealed plastic containers or canvas covers fixed on the deck of the ship, and, if necessary, filled with a gas mixture (CO2 with a small amount of N2) from a cylinder attached outside to the bottom of the raft. Requirements for life rafts, their equipment and emergency supplies are determined by the same International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. The raft must meet the following requirements:
Compared to lifeboats, rafts have some disadvantages:
A raft launched into the water should float. Its service life is guaranteed at -30 to +66°C for at least 30 days. The gas cylinder allows you to automatically inflate the raft within 20-50 seconds. Rescue equipment for personal use are divided into two groups. The first is the means put on in advance in case of the threat of the death of the ship or the possibility of a person falling into the water. These include life jackets, belts, vests and jackets. The second group consists of rescue equipment (circles, balls, rescue ends), which are intended to help people who suddenly find themselves in the water. The main requirement for life-saving equipment for individual use is as follows: giving a person additional buoyancy, they must support him on the water in such a position that he can breathe even in case of loss of consciousness. This requirement is met by bibs and vests covering the neck. Personal means must also have devices that ensure the search for a person in the water. Therefore, they are usually yellow-orange in color, creating the greatest contrast with the background of sea water, and they are equipped with luminous buoys or special lights to ensure search at night. Of great importance for the effective use of personal life-saving equipment is their thoughtful placement on decks and rooms, so that people on the vessel (ship) in distress can easily find them. Thus, a shipwreck is not a fatal inevitability of the death of a person at sea. He has enough means and opportunities to survive. You just need to have the courage, will and desire to emerge victorious from the situation. Actions of the shipwrecked It should be noted that at present, under the flags of more than 130 countries of the world, about 60 thousand large-capacity vessels ply the waters of the oceans. Near 4D transportation on the globe is carried out on the oceans. Every day there are 25 thousand ships in the seas and oceans, the crews of which number about 1 million people. According to the well-known London classification society - Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 350-400 ships perish every year, that is, one ship per day. About 200 people die every year as a result of shipwrecks. The following classification of accidents and disasters in water transport has been adopted:
Catastrophes in the broadest sense of the word include all shipwrecks and accidents that entailed human casualties. Most major accidents and catastrophes on ships occur not under the influence of the forces of nature (hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice), but through the fault of people. Their mistakes are divided into two groups:
In the overwhelming majority of cases, the causes of catastrophes and major accidents are errors of the second group. Jacek Palkiewicz, a world-famous expert on survival in extreme situations, argues that one should not challenge the sea, as some people think. The forces of nature in the sea are too powerful to be equaled. We must fight against our own weakness and fear. Basic rule: until the loss of the ship is inevitable, do not rush to leave it. Experience shows that dive times are usually longer than people think. However, when the captain gives a signal to "leave the ship", the entire crew and passengers should immediately go to the place indicated in advance in an emergency (Table 3.1). When leaving the ship, you must:
Disembarkation from the vessel: If possible, you should try to land on a raft (boat) without entering the water, since dry clothes protect you better from the cold. If you have to jump straight into the water, make sure your life jacket is secure. If worn correctly, it allows you to jump from a height of 4,5 m above the water level. To jump, use the following technique. 1) connect the knees and keep the legs slightly bent; 2) with one hand close the nose and cover the mouth; 3) with the other hand, firmly grab the vest, putting your hand under the armpit, blocking it with your elbow so that the vest does not rise up and cover your head. If there are no collective life-saving equipment, at night it is necessary to activate the light bulb built into the vest by pulling out two plugs from the battery; during the day, when the noise of an airplane is heard, open a package of soluble dye (uranine); check whistle action. After landing on the raft, the following actions must be taken:
Distribution of water and food Food must be distributed starting from the second day of being on a raft (boat). Remember the principle that you can not eat if there is no drinking water. Avoid drinking water for the first 24 hours so that the body can get used to the new situation. Drink 0,5 liters of water a day, moistening your lips and holding the liquid in your mouth before swallowing. Drink should be in small sips. Survival tips Disembarkation from the vessel Put on plenty of clothing, including gloves, a beret, and a protective suit made of waterproof fabric on top Wearing a harness correctly Throw the raft and pull the line Land dry if possible If you are forced to jump, then preferably from a height of no more than 5 m, covering your nose and mouth with one hand, holding the safety belt tightly with the other and grouping Since heat loss increases with each movement in the water, swim straight towards the life-saving device. If circumstances permit, load blankets and extra clothing If possible, submerge emergency radios, potable water Collect all the debris that might come in handy During the first 24 hours on the lifeboat As soon as possible do the following:
After the first 24 hours Ventilate the raft frequently by raising the edge of the protective canopy In hot climates, deflate during the day and inflate at night. Moisten your clothes during the day. Moisten the outer shell of the tent with water to reduce the temperature inside the raft Keep your feet as dry as possible. Raise your legs and move them regularly, remove your shoes Watchmen must protect themselves from frostbite or sunburn by covering all areas of the skin Save fires and rockets until there is a real possibility that they will be noticed Put the responsibility for signal lights and rockets on one person. Don't use them all together Before collecting rainwater from the corresponding compartments, make sure that there is no salt precipitation Keep fluid in the body by reducing useless movements. Protect yourself from the sun to reduce sweating Strictly monitor the use of drinking water - 0,5 liters per day per person, divided into multiple doses with the largest dose in the evening Never drink sea water or urine Eat only emergency supply. Except in cases of emergency, do not eat marine fish or birds unless there is an adequate supply of drinking water. If you are in a cold climate and there are dead among you, take off their clothes and divide them among the survivors Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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