Shelter of the population in the protective structures of civil defense. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Free library / Directory / Basics of safe life

Shelter of the population in the protective structures of civil defense. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Defense structures - these are engineering structures designed to protect the population from damaging factors in emergency situations.

Classification of protective structures:

1) shelters, including prefabricated ones (STB);

2) shelters, including anti-radiation (PRU);

3) shelters of the simplest type (slits, trenches, adapted premises, underground passages, mine workings).

Asylum - these are engineering structures that provide protection from all damaging factors (Fig. 4).

Shelter of the population in the protective structures of civil defense
Rice. 4. The layout of the shelter: 1 - protective and hermetic doors, 2 - lock chambers, 3 - sanitary compartments, 4 - main room for accommodating people, 5 - gallery and head of the emergency exit, 6 - filtering compartment, 7 - medical room, 8 - food pantry

Shelters are classified according to several criteria:

1) by appointment:

a) dual-use - in peacetime they are used as utility rooms (cloakroom, shower, trade or public catering premises), sports, entertainment, underground passages, but in any case, the shelter should be ready to fill with people after 12 hours;

b) special, constantly ready to receive people and crews of the command post;

2) by location:

a) built-in shelters are placed under the building with an emergency exit outside the zone of possible blockages;

b) stand-alone shelters (they are autonomous, built at a distance from buildings outside the zone of possible blockages and usually without emergency exits);

3) in terms of construction:

a) built in advance;

b) prefabricated shelters (they are built from prepared or improvised materials in case of a threat of emergency according to pre-prepared documents);

4) by capacity:

a) shelters of small capacity (up to 600 people);

b) shelters of average capacity (from 600 to 2 thousand people);

c) large-capacity shelters (over 2 people); it is inexpedient to build a shelter with a capacity of less than 150 people and more than 5 thousand people;

5) according to the degree of protection from a shock air wave:

a) special shelters withstand an overpressure of 500 kPa;

b) class I shelters withstand overpressure of 300 kPa;

c) class II shelters withstand overpressure up to 200 kPa;

d) class III shelters withstand overpressure up to 100 kPa.

Shelters of classes I and II are built within the limits of urban development, and class III - in the zone of possible weak destruction.

Basic requirements for shelters

1. Provide protection from any damaging factors and from the thermal effects of fires on the surface for at least 2 days.

2. Be built outside the zones and sources of fires and floods.

3. Have entrances with the same degree of protection as the main premises, and in case of a blockage - emergency exits. All entrances and exits must be separated at a distance of at least 10 m so that they do not block simultaneously.

4. Have approaches free from the storage of hazardous, combustible and highly fuming substances, as well as access roads.

5. Have main rooms more than 2,2m high, and the floor level should be more than 20cm above the groundwater level.

6. Have filtering equipment that cleans the air from impurities and supplies it to the shelter at least 2 m³ air per hour per person. The performance of the filter-ventilation unit (FVA) is determined by the content of carbon dioxide in the protective structure.

Shelters are equipped with the following equipment:

1) filtering equipment provides cleaning and disinfection of the air entering the shelter;

2) water supply, a supply of water in flow tanks at the rate of 6 liters of drinking and 4 liters of technical (for sanitary and hygienic needs) per person for the entire estimated period of stay in the shelter (up to 3 days). In special shelters, a stock of food is created (canned food, biscuits, concentrates);

3) water, electric or other heating, which is switched on with the start of filling the shelter;

4) sewerage (bathroom) is carried out on the basis of common networks, but there must be fecal water receivers that will ensure normal life in case of accidents on common networks and prevent flooding of the shelter;

5) lighting (main, emergency) should not consume oxygen, i.e. the use of candles, kerosene lamps, etc. is not allowed;

6) the shelter is equipped with means of notification, communication and broadcasting (radio point, radio station, telephone, telegraph, teletype);

7) protective structures of civil defense are equipped with fire-fighting equipment, tools, equipment and materials for emergency rescue and other urgent work (ASiDNR);

8) there must be a medical station (or first aid kit) in the shelter;

9) to control the life support systems in the shelter, there are appropriate measuring instruments, a chemical reconnaissance device (VPKhR) and a radiation dose rate meter IMD-21 (or DP-64, DP-5V);

10) the necessary documentation is stored in the shelter - the plan of the shelter and the rules for operating the systems and elements of the shelter;

11) emergency power plant, if any, is located in a separate isolated room with a vestibule.

Each shelter is maintained by a dedicated the formation of civil defense (shelters and shelters). His personnel arrive at the signal and set up posts.

Post 1 posted at each entrance. When the shelter is full, people are allowed to pass through it. It distributes the flow of arrivals, providing accommodation for children, the sick and the elderly. At the signal "Close the shelter", the guards close the door and one of them is constantly at the door.

Post 2 - in the control room. It includes filtering equipment (FVA) and monitors the operation of all equipment, the readings of measuring instruments. Executes commands to set the ventilation mode.

Post 3. Before filling the shelter, the specialist turns on the lights in all rooms, closes the shutters of the manholes, adjusts the exhaust ventilation plugs, performs changes in the shelter's air supply scheme, and then maintains order when placing people.

The number and location of shelters, as well as their entrances, should ensure timely shelter of the largest part of the working shift of the OE. All entrances are equipped with protective and protective-hermetic doors with protection against leakage of incendiary mixtures and from the effects of air-blast. Premises for accommodating people must have internal dimensions that provide a space of at least 0,5 m² floor and 1,5 m³ for one person.

The degree of sealing of shelters is characterized by air pressure inside the shelter: it must provide at least 10 mm of water. Art., and in fire hazardous places - 30 mm of water. Art. and protecting people from carbon monoxide. Anti-explosion devices and overpressure valves are installed on all air intakes and air exhausts. The ventilation system must ensure reliable operation in various modes:

Mode 1 - "clean ventilation" - must provide cleaning from contaminants (using mesh pre-filters) and feed into the shelter at least 7 m³ air per hour per person, remove heat emissions. To protect against infections (OV, BS), PPE must be used.

Mode 2 - "filter ventilation" - provides air purification from all types of pollution, except for carbon monoxide. To protect against carbon monoxide, hopcalite and heat-intensive filters are used. At the same time, at least 2 m³ air per person per hour.

Mode 3 - "full isolation mode" with internal air regeneration and using a regenerative unit (RU 150/6, RUCT). Regenerative cartridges RP-100 and oxygen cylinders can also be used. Carbon dioxide is absorbed in the RP-100, and the missing oxygen is supplied from cylinders. One person receives 25 liters of oxygen per hour and absorbs 20 liters of carbon dioxide per hour.

Vault communications are colored:

1) mode 1 air ducts - white, mode 2 - yellow, mode 3 - red;

2) electrical wiring is laid in black pipes;

3) water pipes are painted green;

4) heating pipes - in brown.

Anti-radiation shelters (PRU) - these are protective structures of the civil defense, providing protection against RH for 2 days. In the zone of weak destruction of the structure, the PRU must withstand the excess pressure of the air-shock wave up to 0,2 kg / cm² and the impact of falling building debris. PRU also protect against light radiation and drop-liquid agents.

PRU are equipped with:

1) in adapted premises (underpasses, cellars);

2) in the basements of industrial, residential and public buildings;

3) in the first floors of stone buildings.

The capacity of the PRU is determined by the area of the adapted premises.

The ability of the PRU to protect against radiation is determined by the protection factor, i.e. by how many times the level of radiation in open areas is higher than in the PRU.

Anti-radiation shelters in the zone of weak destruction are built in advance, and in the suburban area - when there is a threat of attack. The calculation norms for the capacity and height of the premises are the same as for shelters. The entrance must be made at an angle of 90° to the vestibule in order to prevent direct propagation of air-blast through the shelter. The ventilation of the PRU should provide 20% more air inflow than the exhaust, in order to create excess pressure in the PRU. Air intake openings must be located at a height of more than 3 m from the ground and have a canopy. Heating is carried out from the central system, it can be electric or stove. Water supply - at least 6 liters per person. There should be a toilet or cesspool with a lid and a vent outlet. Lighting, warning and communication - in accordance with the requirements for the shelter.

Prefabricated shelters built under the threat of attack or in wartime. The construction of STBs or the adaptation of pre-planned premises for this purpose is carried out according to existing projects from materials prepared for the future or improvised materials. Up to 2 months are allotted for the construction of second-tier banks with the suspension of any other construction. RBOs should have the same premises and equipment as shelters built in peacetime. At the same time, FVA, pre-filters, anti-explosion devices, entrances, electric fans and sanitary units can be made from improvised materials or in a simplified form, but must ensure the required reliability. BVU provide ventilation in mode 1 or 2. Filters can be made of gravel, sand, burlap. As drives of the ventilation system, blacksmith bellows, a chain drive from a bicycle can be adapted. During the construction of STBs, serial blocks, large-diameter pipes, and special prefabricated elements prepared in advance are used.

The simplest shelters provide mass protection of the population from the effects of air-blast, building debris, and light radiation. They weaken the effect of penetrating radiation and RH. PPE is used to protect against RH. Examples of the simplest shelters can be a gap, a trench, various kinds of dugouts, adapted basements. The simplest shelter should have an overlap and be ready to fill with people in 24 hours.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

We recommend interesting articles Section Basics of safe life:

▪ Shock Wave

▪ Catering in conditions of autonomous survival

▪ Reasons for teen drug use

See other articles Section Basics of safe life.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

To like people, you need to train the brain 30.09.2016

Our perception of other people can change, and for this it is not at all necessary to communicate with a person for a long time, trying to get to know him better - it is enough to exercise the brain a little in a neurobiological laboratory.

Mitsuo Kawato and colleagues from the International Institute for Advanced Telecommunications Research in Kyoto and Brown University analyzed the activity of the cingulate cortex in people who were shown other people's photographs.

The participants in the experiment had to evaluate how much they like or dislike the face in the photo, and a special algorithm searched for characteristic features in brain activity that corresponded to just such an assessment. The cingulate cortex is associated with empathy, emotions, motivations, and social relationships, among other things.

Then came the second stage, when a person was shown someone's photo, which previously seemed neutral to him, and then a disk appeared on the monitor screen. This disk had to be enlarged by an effort of will. There was no specific way, but neuroscientists monitored the activity of the brain of the one who struggled with the disk, and they themselves enlarged the figure on the screen if the brain suddenly gave the right answer. In other words, the participants in the experiment blindly searched for the right solution, but the "neutral face" that they were shown was supposed to push their thoughts in the right direction.

In some cases, the researchers enlarged the disk when the subject's brain gave a signal of sympathy, as if the person saw in front of him not a disk, but a face that he likes. In other cases, the same was done in response to a signal of antipathy, and finally, there were those who were simply asked to look at the disk without doing anything with it. Such training lasted an hour a day for three days and, in the end, brought results: those who "increased" the disk with feelings of sympathy began to like the appearance of people to whom they had previously been indifferent.

With antipathy there was the same picture, only in the other direction: initially neutral faces became slightly unpleasant. The effect was small (that is, no one developed deep sympathy and deep disgust for anyone), but it was quite reliable and, by the way, quite long-lasting: changes in emotional perception lasted at least three months.

Other interesting news:

▪ Asus ROG Swift PG278Q Monitor with Nvidia G-Sync

▪ Kingston SSDNow E50 Solid State Drives

▪ CoinGuard Wireless Sensor for Burglar Alarm

▪ The dog's brain reacts to the owner's facial expression

▪ Octopus color

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Civil radio communications. Article selection

▪ article Homemade thicknesser. Tips for the home master

▪ Why Does the Body Need Vitamin C? Detailed answer

▪ article Capturing knot. Tourist tips

▪ article Rectifiers. How and why? Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Electronic power transformer. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews