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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Catering in conditions of autonomous survival. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life It is known that a person can go without food for quite a long time. Domestic and foreign physiologists repeatedly carried out experiments with different fasting periods with the participation of volunteer testers. To test the possibilities of long-term starvation under conditions of autonomous existence, in the summer of 1984, seven members of the Extremum expedition set off on a 500-kilometer hike through the mountain rapids of the Southern Urals, without taking any food supplies with them. This experiment lasted fifteen days, the participants of which successfully passed all the tests. If we exclude the fasting record set by the American Elaine Jones, who weighed 143 kg and remained without food for 119 days, then people who voluntarily condemn themselves to complete starvation can withstand no more than 60-70 days. In 1981, a group of Irish prisoners in the Long Kesh concentration camp went on a hunger strike to protest against the brutal regime of the jailers. Their leader, 24-year-old Bobby Sands, began it on March 1, death occurred on the 66th day. People who find themselves in a deserted area with a small supply of food, first of all, need to take into account all the available products and distribute them into small portions of about 500 calories. This is easy to calculate, knowing that 1 g of fat provides 9,1 kcal, 1 g of protein - 4 kcal, 1 g of carbohydrates - 4 kcal. At the same time, if possible, it is necessary to make the most of everything that the surrounding nature gives: the meat of animals, fish, reptiles (snakes, lizards), large insects (locusts, etc.), edible wild plants. Emergency stock products are best left for a rainy day. But first of all, everyone who finds himself in conditions of autonomous survival should be aware of the capabilities of his body. Reserve capabilities of the human body The human body is a unique construction of nature. Every organ and organ system has tremendous potential. Let's talk about these organs in more detail. Brain. Every second, over 100 chemical reactions take place in the brain, requiring enormous amounts of energy. With a lot of brain tension, as many calories are burned as with active muscle work during physical exercise. That is why mental work is no less exhausting than physical work. Since there are no nerve endings in the brain, it can be burned, frozen, and cut without causing the slightest sensation. In the practice of neurosurgery, operations are often performed without anesthesia (the headache occurs outside the brain). Nasal mucosa is the first line of defense against millions of bacteria constantly trying to enter the body. Bacteria that survive despite strong exposure to mucosal chemicals are expelled in the secretions or swallowed and "finished" by stomach acid. A different defense system operates against pollen grains. Reacting with mucous membranes, they form chemicals that cause a tingling sensation, which in turn provokes sneezing, while the particles fly out of the nose at a speed of more than 150 km / h. Every few hours, the size of the blood vessels in the nasal passages alternately change, so one passage is always open wider than the other. Our eyes - this is a miracle of miracles. When we blink, our eyes are bathed in an antibacterial fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. Tears caused by irritants are different from those caused by grief, which contain 24% more proteins. In both cases, they contain prolactin, a hormone that stimulates the production of milk. Perhaps this explains why women cry more than men. "Crocodile tears" occur during the period of salivation. As a rule, they are the result of an injury, as a result of which the nerves from the salivary and lacrimal glands crossed. The unfortunate, in anticipation of food, literally cry with burning tears. One square centimeter of human skin contains approximately 3 million cells, 95 sweat glands, 14 sebaceous glands, 10 hairs, 90 centimeters of blood vessels, 2900 sensitive cells, and more than three million microscopic organisms. The blood vessels of the skin instantly constrict in the event of a cut or pressure on the skin. In order to verify this, draw the corner of the ruler along the hand. The white line that appears on the arm is due to the sudden outflow of blood (in the case of a cut, this limits bleeding). A few seconds after you take the ruler away, the vessels will fill with blood again and the line will turn red. The body is constantly shedding dead skin cells and replacing them with new ones. The dust that is in the air in an ordinary house is 75% composed of dead skin cells. The body is cooled by the evaporation of sweat. On a typical summer day, about 2 liters evaporate. However, on days with high humidity, sweat may not evaporate. As a result, the time a person can stay in humid air is sharply reduced. In perfectly dry air, a person can withstand temperatures up to 90°C for one hour or so. In humid air, it can withstand temperatures no more than +45 ... + 50 ° C, and then only for a short time. stomach acid - one of the most potent corrosive substances, even the blades of safety razors dissolve in it. In order not to digest itself, the stomach changes its inner shell every three days. Human body is a machine with an incredibly high efficiency. To ride a bicycle at a speed of 15 km / h for one hour, the body needs about 350 calories from food. This energy is equivalent to the energy of three tablespoons of gasoline. A person hears a sound in the range from 20 Hz (lower than double bass) to 20 Hz (higher than piccolo). Oddly enough, the noise of blood flow in the vessels of the head and neck is within earshot, but we do not hear it. The doctors can't explain why. When we speak, the sound of our voice reaches the ears mainly through the bones, which somewhat change its timbre. That's why many people don't recognize their own voice recorded on tape: only the sound "transmitted through the air" is recorded. Organism It is unity in diversity. It is at the same time a temple, a warehouse, a pharmacy, an electric company, a library, and a sewage treatment plant. It is, in the words of the English prose writer and poet Joseph Addison, a system folded so "amazingly that it has become a true motor for the soul." The organism has great possibilities of vital existence in the environment. The will and courage of a person help him to emerge victorious in difficult, extreme situations in nature. However, the reserve capacity of the human body is not unlimited. There are limits beyond which changes in the functions of organs and tissues become irreversible, and then death occurs. Table 2.1. Energy consumption in various activities
A person who is active for about 8 hours during the day consumes approximately 50-70 kcal per 1 kg of his weight. If a person weighs 70 kg, then the calorie content of the daily diet should be 4200 kcal, and with 60 kg of weight - 3600 kcal (Table 2.1). In order to make up for energy losses, a person needs to consume a certain set of food products. Food provides the energy needs of a person associated with physical activity and exposure to cold. The need for food depends mainly on the intensity of the load and the temperature of the environment. The intensity of the load and the human need for energy are presented in Table. 2.2. Table 2.2. Approximate daily energy requirement for adults
Note: Calorie norms calculated per 1 kg of weight for men and women are approximately the same and are for group I - 43-46 kcal, for group II - 49-52 and for group III - 53-60 kcal per day or more. For normal life and the struggle for survival, the body needs a systematic replenishment of energy costs through nutrition. If this is not possible, the body is forced to adapt to new conditions at the expense of its own reserves. Adaptive reactions of the body are expressed primarily in the reduction of energy consumption, reducing the intensity and slowing down the metabolism. In this case, oxidation processes become the leading ones. The alkaline reserve of the blood decreases, and the content of ammonia in the urine increases, which the body uses to neutralize acidic metabolic products. Urinary excretion of minerals, especially chlorides, is reduced. The content of nitrogen in the urine drops sharply. Pulse and respiration become slower, blood pressure goes down. Deprived of the "fuel" coming from the outside, the body, after an appropriate restructuring, begins to expend its internal tissue reserves. They are pretty impressive. So, a person weighing 70 kg has:
Thus, the body has energy reserves of approximately 165 kcal. According to physiologists, 40-45% of these reserves can be used up before the death of the organism occurs. If we take the daily energy consumption of the human body at rest as 1800 kcal, tissue reserves should be enough for 30-40 days of complete starvation. However, when calculating, one more important factor should be taken into account - the loss of nitrogen. It is known that the brain must receive daily energy equivalent to 100 g of glucose. Fats (triglycerides) provide only 16 g of glucose, and the rest of it is formed from glycogenic amino acids during the breakdown of muscle protein, which leads to a daily loss of 2,5 g of nitrogen. The body of an adult contains approximately 1000 g of nitrogen. The reduction of this reserve by 50% is incompatible with the further vital activity of the organism. Basic Provisions Often a person, even experiencing severe hunger, refuses food because of its unusualness, unpleasant appearance or existing prejudices. Meanwhile, for some peoples, such food is traditional. For example, residents of many countries in Asia and Africa willingly use locusts for food. In Burma, fried and baked grasshopper crickets are considered a great delicacy. The Danish polar explorer Knud Rasmussen tells about a very peculiar food of the Eskimos. After numerous meat dishes, a dessert was served at a feast on the occasion of a successful hunt, which "consisted of fatty raw gadfly larvae pulled from the skins of freshly killed deer. The larvae swarmed on a large meat tray, like giant worms, and crunched slightly on the teeth" . Locusts and grasshoppers, cicadas and their larvae, large non-hairy caterpillars, white beetle larvae living in soil and wood, winged ants and termites, dragonfly larvae, etc. East and North Africa, on rocks and under stones, among bushes, on scree, edible snails are often found (since their body is 80% water, they may well serve to quench their thirst). It should be remembered that all these insects, caterpillars and larvae are not only edible, but often quite high in calories and contain nutrients and vitamins necessary for the body. So, for example, locusts, water beetles, smooth-skinned caterpillars are rich in protein, fats and minerals. You can eat them not only in fried and baked form, but also raw. They eat mainly the abdomen and chest, having previously removed the hard chitinous parts (wings, legs, head). It is not recommended to use hairy caterpillars, adult butterflies, beetles, as well as terrestrial mollusks devoid of shells. Particularly important with a prolonged lack of food is regular intake of fresh water. Water during fasting helps the body retain its tissue reserves longer. If it is not supplied enough, then the body is forced to replenish the fluid at the expense of internal reserves - metabolic water resulting from the oxidation of fats. When fasting, it is necessary to drink enough water, then the tissues decompose less intensively, less decay products (urea, sulfates, etc.) are formed, and less liquid is required to remove them through the kidneys. It is best to drink hot water, and to add a pleasant taste and smell, add raspberry, currant, mint leaves to it. It is advisable to prepare a broth from canned meat of an emergency supply, and pre-soak biscuits and crackers in hot water. At high temperatures, extreme care must be taken with suspicious (stale) products. Any poisoning is dangerous, and in conditions of lack of water it is a hundred times more dangerous, as it causes (vomiting and intestinal upset) a sharp increase in water loss by the body, which can be impossible to replenish. The following are fairly common symptoms do not say that canned food has gone bad:
Any opened canned food should be used immediately, especially in the summer. It is strictly prohibited store (even for several hours) canned meat and fish in opened jars. If you need to save half-eaten canned food, transfer it to a glass jar and place it in a "refrigerator" (stream, hole in the ground, etc.). You can not store boiled and fried meat, boiled sausages and other meat products (wieners, sausages, minced meat, etc.), dairy products, fish and other perishable products for a long time. The spoiled meat has a dark or greenish color, especially at the cut site, the fat is smeared, the surface is covered with mucus. If you press your finger into it, then the resulting hole is leveled slowly and not completely. Spoiled meat has a sour, musty, unpleasant odor. In doubtful cases, you can stick a knife heated in boiling water into the meat and determine the freshness by smell. The sausage, if it has deteriorated, is covered with mucus, from under the folds and places where the sausage is tied with a rope, a putrid smell comes out, the color of the minced meat in these places is grayish. In spoiled fish, the scales are covered with mucus, become dirty in appearance and easily separated from the meat. The gills are covered with mucus, turning gray. Eyes sunken, cloudy. The abdomen is swollen. The pulp is easily separated from the bones and especially from the spine. Moldy bread has a greenish tint and smells sour. If the rot has penetrated shallowly, it must be cut off and the bread dried. It is desirable to store products in a safe, dry place, protected from precipitation and direct solar radiation. For example, put it in a backpack and tie it to a tree trunk at a height of 1-2 m. Among other things, this will protect products from being destroyed by mice and other terrestrial rodents. In the group, it is necessary to appoint a person responsible for the preservation and distribution of products. Leaving the food supply unattended is undesirable. Once a day, and more often in hot weather, the products must be carefully examined, spoiled pieces should be removed. In meat, it is necessary to cut off not only the spoiled pieces, but also the tissues adjacent to them, and it is advisable to wash the rest of the meat in a weak solution of potassium permanganate. You can not store products of different composition in the same package. Do not crush or stack heavy products on top of fragile ones. Glass jars must be wrapped in paper, a piece of cloth, tree bark, and similar protective material. Foods that start to deteriorate or are questionable are eaten first, good ones are left "for later." In winter, meat products and fish can be frozen or buried in the snow for long-term storage. In the warm season - lower it into flowing streams, springs, rivers, after putting it in a plastic bag or a jar and tying it to a peg firmly stuck into the shore. In addition, meat and fish can be smoked, dried, salted, etc. to increase the shelf life, more on that later. If long-term storage is not possible, bakery products should be dried, for example, by spreading out or hanging on threads in a sunny, windy place. Crackers due to dehydration are preserved much longer. Inviolable food supply All long-term products that are at the disposal of the victim of the accident form an emergency reserve (NS). It should only be used in extreme cases. Unfortunately, often a person begins to save only after he has the last cracker left. It is not uncommon for conflict situations to arise at sea as a result of the most starving crew members insisting that it is easier to starve when there is nothing left than to be chronically malnourished while watching food gradually spoil! In other words, they offered to eat all the food at once, and then they were forced to "put their teeth on the shelf." Alas, such straightforward logic is typical of a malnourished person. It's hard to deal with your own rumbling stomach. But necessary! Agree, it is better to eat a little, but for a long time, than "from the belly", but once. The storage and transportation of the food stock should be entrusted to the most seasoned, disciplined member of the group. Dispensing food from the emergency stock is allowed only with the permission of the team leader. In some cases, to enhance the psychological deterrent effect, it is better to seal the products. In cases where the proposed travel route runs through uninhabited areas, and especially when the time for the trip falls on cold weather, it is advisable for the group to complete the emergency food supply in advance. To reduce the weight of the carried load, it is better to use NZ on the last, finishing stretch of the path as current food products. For the first time, the need to create a food reserve was forced to speak about the tragedy of the English clipper Kospatrick, which burned down on November 17, 1874 off the southern coast of the African continent. Here is a short excerpt from L. N. Skryagin's book "Secrets of Maritime Disasters": "... The position of MacDonald (the second navigator of the Kospatrick ship) and his 41 satellites was practically hopeless. Except for one oar, there was nothing in the boat, not even a compass. However, now no navigational device could help, since there was no a sip of water and 400 miles to the nearest shore... On November 22, one of the emigrants fell overboard - no one began to save him ... Over the next two days, 15 people died with burns and suppuration. Then three went crazy and, as MacDonald wrote, "died in terrible agony" ... On November 24, after a lull, excitement arose, and the only oar was lost. Waves constantly flooded the boat. 10 people died that day. The worst thing that MacDonald foresaw has come - cannibalism. The instinct of life turned out to be stronger than morality, beliefs and religion. On November 25, the storm became calm. The sun shone fiercely all day long. One by one, people died. By the night of that day, 8 people remained alive in the boat, who now looked like animals. According to McDonald, it was the most terrible of all days. Crazed with despair, people began to rush at each other ... One can imagine what a terrible sight the Kospatrik's boat presented. Seven overgrown, barely covered with rags, cannibals with a wolf gleam in their eyes in the midst of a boundless ocean ... " Since 1874, NZ has been an obligatory part of the emergency equipment of lifeboats. There are special emergency rations for pilots and astronauts. Of course, an emergency ration cannot replace a full-fledged diet either qualitatively or quantitatively. But even partial compensation of human energy consumption in the conditions of autonomous existence turns out to be more profitable than complete starvation. A number of studies show that people on a diet that covers 10-15% of their energy expenditure feel slightly better than those on a complete fast. But perhaps most importantly, the presence of an emergency diet gives a person great hope for a successful outcome of the accident. He is no longer afraid to die of starvation, because he knows that he is provided with food for at least 3-4 days. What is important here is not even the NZ itself, which, in principle, is very small, what is important is the confidence that it exists, that you can open it and eat it at any moment. The presence of a food emergency is also desirable in the case of work associated with significant physical overload: long running, transporting the victim, preparing firewood for an emergency fire, etc. In this case, energy costs increase many times and are of an "explosive" nature. If they are not replenished at least partially, a person may lose his activity for a considerable period, lose psychological stability. Grocery HC should be collected from high-calorie, long-lasting products with a low specific gravity and volume. Another important requirement for an emergency diet is the possibility of its consumption without additional cooking. The qualitative composition of emergency rations should have approximately the same ratios as the daily ration with normal nutrition. Carbohydrates - 50-60% of all calories, fats - 25-35%, proteins - 12-15%. This ratio may vary depending on the climatic conditions of the accident site, as a rule, due to an increase in the volume of fats and carbohydrates. Usually, relatively common products are invested in home-made emergency stocks: chocolate, stew, condensed milk and coffee with milk, walnuts, crackers, biscuits, honey, sugar; in winter, lard, smoked sausage are added. Some travelers make special high-calorie pemmican mixtures. When calculating the emergency diet, one should proceed from the following figures: 1 g of fat provides the body with 9,1 kcal, 1 g of protein - 4,0 kcal, 1 g of carbohydrates - 4,1 kcal. If a person engaged in moderate labor needs 33,5 thousand kcal to cover daily energy costs, then in an emergency one has to be content with 400-600 kcal. Therefore, it is very important, while keeping yourself in working order with the help of food NC, to provide yourself with food on the spot as soon as possible. At the same time, the first two days, if climatic conditions allow (in extreme cold, the period of complete starvation has to be reduced), it is better to refrain from eating, since there are still enough "home" reserves in the body. Such a short-term hunger will not bring harm, but it will save food. The only thing that a person can feel, except, of course, a purely physical feeling of hunger, is slight dizziness and shortness of breath when doing physical work. During this time, you should try to find a way to provide yourself with food through fishing, hunting, or collecting wild edible plants. Ideally, the NZ does not even have to be opened. There are cases when, after a weeks-long autonomous stay in the taiga, the victims handed over unopened emergency rations to the rescuers. As the NZ is consumed, the volume of rations can be reduced. After the victims have been able to provide themselves with food from local resources, the NZ should be restored (or create a new emergency diet) using local plant and animal products preserved in primitive ways. However, let's not deceive ourselves: even the most economical consumption of NZ does not solve the problem of hunger. You won’t eat some crackers for a month. Sooner or later, the victims will face a choice - either learn to find and use the gifts of nature, or die from exhaustion. And such gifts around a person in trouble, a great many will be found. Only, unlike a self-service store, products in the forest or desert are not packaged in bags, they are not laid out on the shelves and they are not provided with price tags, that is, they have a pristine and very unusual look for a city dweller. "It's impossible to survive here, because it's impossible to find food here," nine out of ten people will think so when they find themselves alone in the wild. And indeed, soon they will safely depart to another world, surrounded by dozens of edible plants and crawling, jumping, flying and floating living creatures - animals, birds, fish, insects - suitable for food. Examples? Please. Three tourists from the Lithuanian city of Panevezys - two young guys, Guntautas, Valentas, and a girl Yulia - decided to independently walk through the picturesque and little-visited region of the Altai Mountains. On May 30, they left the village of Edigan, having with them all the necessary equipment and a week's supply of food. Having crossed two ridges, the tourists intended to go to Teletskoye Lake. But after a few days of travel, the sunny warm weather gave way to a cold snap, prolonged rains. Having decided to go to their goal directly, according to the compass, the tourists got lost. Products are running out soon. The hardiest and strongest of them, Guntautas, went in search of people. The rest waited for him for 26 days. All this time they had no food. Valentas was so exhausted that he could not get up. Then Julia went for help. People found her in the mountains in a half-forgetfulness, and then rescued Valentas. Guntautas was found later, but no one could help him. Having recovered, Valentas Marcinkevičius told reporters: "I concluded that for all our education, we are defenseless and even helpless in such situations." But this tragedy unfolded in the taiga, where there is no less food of plant origin per square meter than on average for the same meter in a vegetable store! Well, the taiga, but even the barren polar tundra and sandy desert for a knowledgeable person can be as abundant as their own well-groomed garden! Do you think this is an exaggeration? Not at all! For example, the ancient Chukchi used more than 23 species of wild plants in their diet! How many fruits and vegetables do you grow in your garden? Then you can't reach the Australian natives at all. They knew about 300 useful plants. And only thanks to this they lived where the European died in a matter of days. Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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