Free technical library

Wild strawberry (common strawberry, alpine strawberry, wild strawberry, European strawberry). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

Directory / Cultivated and wild plants

 Comments on the article

Content

1. Photos, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
2. Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
3. Botanical description, reference data, useful information, illustrations
4. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
5. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Wild strawberry (common strawberry, alpine strawberry, wild strawberry, European strawberry), Fragaria vesca. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Sort by: Strawberry (Fragaria)

Family: Pink (Rosaceae)

Origin: Europe, Asia, North America

Area: Wild strawberry grows in the temperate climates of Europe, Asia and North America. It occurs on forest edges, glades, meadows, in thickets of shrubs and on mountain slopes.

Chemical composition: The leaves and roots contain escin, flavonoids, tannins, vitamin C, carotenoids, and the fruits contain sugars, organic acids, vitamins (C, B1, B2, PP), as well as trace elements (iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus).

Economic value: Wild strawberries are used in the food industry for the production of confectionery, juices, jams and wines. It is used in medicine as a general tonic and antioxidant, as well as for the treatment of skin diseases, metabolic disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In horticulture, wild strawberry is used for growing as a cultivated plant for producing berries.

Legends, myths, symbolism: In some cultures, wild strawberry can be used as a symbol of love and romance, as its berries are associated with the heart and are often used in cooking for desserts and sweets. In some cultures, wild strawberry can be used as a symbol of wilderness and freedom, as it is a wild berry plant that grows naturally. In traditional medicine, wild strawberry is used to treat certain diseases, which may symbolize its healing properties and ability to restore health. In general, wild strawberry can be used as a symbol of love, romance, wildlife, freedom, healing properties and restoration of health.

Wild strawberry (common strawberry, alpine strawberry, wild strawberry, European strawberry), Fragaria vesca. Description, illustrations of the plant

Strawberry. Legends, myths, history

Strawberries are the most beloved and healthy berry in the world.

Strawberries were known in ancient times to many peoples who used them for medicinal purposes as far back as 2000 BC. Pliny the Elder, Avecina, Ibn Sina, poets Virgil, Ovid and others wrote about strawberries as a medicinal plant.

In the writings of Hippocrates, Galen there is information about the use of strawberries as an effective remedy for colds. There are many legends about strawberries.

In Belgium, even a strawberry museum has been created, and the city of Vepion is considered the capital of strawberries.

In Plant City (Florida) there is a Strawberry Laboratory, where they study this crop and develop new varieties. And in Pasadena, Texas, this berry became a symbol of the city after a hurricane destroyed the crop in 1900. Strawberry festivals are held here every year.

And in the Italian city of Nemi, they also hold such festivals in early June, they walk for two weeks. Champagne (1001 boxes) is poured into a huge vase with 10 kg of strawberries, and then distributed to everyone for free.

In France, the strawberry festival begins every year on May 13th. Various delicacies and delicacies are prepared from this berry and sold on the streets of the city. But the main event is a huge strawberry pie, which is eaten by the participants of the festival.

By the way, it was thanks to the French that the title of aphrodisiac was firmly established behind strawberries. Newlyweds in the XNUMXth century were traditionally served strawberry soup with cream, borage, sprinkled with powdered sugar. And if you came across two fused berries, you had to separate them, eat one half yourself, and treat your chosen one or chosen one to the other. Then mutual love is guaranteed to you, as one old belief says.

And then there is the legend of the strawberry. Hans and Helga lived in a German village on the outskirts of the forest. Children lost their parents and lived with strangers. And the fate of orphans is always hard. When there was a famine all over the country, the stepmother took the children to the forest. They wept, but the stepmother was ruthless. The children wandered through the forest for a long time, they froze, they were hungry. And suddenly they saw a clearing and a hut. Dwarves lived there. They gave the children magic stones. If your strength is running out, you need to throw these pebbles on the ground, and they will turn into berries - fragrant and very useful, giving strength. The berries are called strawberries.

According to another legend about strawberries, once Christ was walking through the forest as a child. Flowering herbs bowed before him in bow. And a small graceful flower, lost in the foliage near the ground, was worried that the Savior would not notice him. But Christ saw the humble plant and kissed it. Since then, every year, by the middle of summer, scarlet berries ripen on the flower marked by God, wonderful in taste and amazingly fragrant.

In Russia, there is a legend about this fragrant berry. It says that in the winter of 1812, at a dinner party at Count Sheremetyev's, fresh strawberries were served. The amazed guests wished to look at the man who grew the berry in winter.

The count called the serf gardener Pyotr Eliseev and promised to fulfill any of his requests. The gardener, of course, asked for freedom.

Author: Martyanova L.M.

Wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry

Perennial herbaceous plant up to 30 cm high. Stem erect. The leaves are ternate, petiolate, pubescent. The flowers are large, bisexual, white, collected in an inflorescence. The fruit is a false berry with juicy fragrant pulp; seeds are located on the outside of the pulp. Blooms in May.

The birthplace of strawberries is the forest slopes of the Alps. Strawberries are one of the first berries that humans consumed. Wild strawberries began to be introduced into culture in the Middle Ages. As a result of selection and hybridization, many varieties with large fruits of various shapes were obtained. For the first time such varieties appeared in 1720 in Holland. Since then, the mass cultivation of garden strawberries, which are mistakenly called strawberries, began.

In Eastern Europe, strawberries began to be cultivated at the end of the XNUMXth century. Thanks to the natural and artificial hybridization of American and European varieties, many different varieties of garden strawberries are known today.

Strawberry is a light-loving plant, demanding on moisture (but cannot stand its excess). It grows well on loose light loamy and sandy loamy chernozems. For planting, choose a site where the plants will be provided with sufficient snow cover in winter and calm in summer. The soil is prepared in advance: they dig deep, fill with manure and rotted greens and water it.

Strawberries propagate by dividing the bush or creeping shoots - mustaches growing from the axils of the leaves. They are rooted, and they become seedlings. Mustaches appear after the end of flowering; they grow intensively from the end of June until the onset of autumn cold weather. A well-developed mother bush during the summer, under favorable conditions, forms 25-30 mustaches with two or three rosettes on each. Strawberries can be planted in spring and autumn.

In mid-latitude conditions, strawberries are planted mainly in late July - early August. Plants overwinter with grown leaves. Under the snow cover, the leaves do not freeze, withstand low temperatures (down to -18 ° C). In the absence of snow, they are covered. The main thing is to save the root system. In the spring, strawberries bloom, and after 25-30 days the fruits ripen. In summer, loosening of the soil, weeding (removal of whiskers, non-flowering male plants), as well as watering are regularly carried out. When watered, seedlings take root well, the berries become shiny, beautiful, yields do not decrease.

And wild strawberries can be grown on a personal plot. The soil at the same time should be rich, with loose forest litter, so the strawberries are transferred to a plot with a clod of earth. The bush, transferred from the forest in the spring, bears fruit in the same year. After four or five years, the bushes are renewed, otherwise the yield drops sharply.

Wild strawberries are propagated by seeds. Seeds are obtained from the largest berries collected in the forest, kneading and drying them in the sun. Sowed seeds germinate in two to three weeks. In the same summer, pedicels appear, which must be removed so that the plant does not weaken. Harvested next summer.

The relatively labor-intensive technology of growing garden strawberries pays for itself with tasty and healthy fruits. Their use throughout the summer season provides the body's need for vitamins for the whole year. Its advantages over wild strawberries are obvious: it has a high yield, quickly enters the time of fruiting, and at a time of the year when fruits (with the exception of sweet cherries) are still absent. In addition, the content of nutrients in some varieties is higher than that of wild strawberries.

Mature fruits contain a lot of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids, pectin, dyes and tannins, nitrogenous compounds, a significant amount of iron. They contain phosphorus, calcium, cobalt, manganese, copper, chromium. The vitamin composition of berries is rich: vitamins of group B, C, carotene, folic acid. The leaves contain a lot of phenolic, tannic, aromatic, mineral substances.

Strawberries are very useful. It quenches thirst, increases appetite, and has a beneficial effect on digestion. In various herbalists, juices, infusions, decoctions, and especially fresh fruits are recommended for atherosclerosis, hypertension, gout, and anemia. Infusion of fruits and leaves has a choleretic effect. The fruits and leaves of strawberries have diaphoretic and diuretic properties.

In scientific medicine, strawberries are included in the diet as an aid in the treatment of diabetes. It has been established that an infusion of berries has some phytoncidal properties, therefore it is used for rinsing the mouth in inflammatory processes, externally - for the treatment of minor wounds, eczema, elimination of age spots on the skin, freckles, acne. Cosmetic masks made from strawberries have a beneficial effect on the skin.

Strawberry fruits are a dietary high-vitamin product. They are eaten fresh separately or with milk, cream, sour cream. Add strawberries to cakes, cocktails. The fruits do not last long, so for harvesting for the future they are ground with sugar and placed in the refrigerator. Fragrant jam is made from strawberries. Compote and jam are also good. Dried fruits are brewed instead of tea. In the confectionery industry, strawberries are used to make sweets, marshmallows, and marmalade.

Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.

Wild strawberry. Description of the plant, area, cultivation, application

It grows everywhere in forest glades, among shrubs, on the edges.

A perennial plant 10-20 cm high. Some stems are recumbent, rooting with a mustache, others are erect, flowers are located on them. The leaves are trifoliate, green above, glabrous, covered with silky appressed hairs below.

Blooms in May - June. The flowers are white, small, collected in umbellate inflorescences on tall pedicels. Berries are formed from an overgrown receptacle after flowering and pollination. The fruit is a false red berry of a conical or rounded shape, covered with many small nuts formed from pistils. Ripens in June - July.

The rhizome is short, brownish, covered with the remains of dead leaves.

Berries contain organic acids, sugars, mineral salts, vitamins C, B1, B2, tannins, protein, pectin, flavonoids, carotene, red pigment, phytoncides, essential oil, etc. Aromatic, tannins, sugar, phytoncides, essential oil with a lemon smell, mineral salts, carotene, a lot of vitamin C (up to 250-280 mg%), in rhizomes - iron salts, tannins. In terms of iron and calcium content, strawberries surpass all other berries.

For economic purposes, strawberries were used in the perfume industry to perfume soaps, creams, and lipsticks.

In nutrition, berries are consumed fresh, with sugar, milk, cream, sour cream, for filling pies, for jam, jelly, compotes, marmalade, mousses, etc.

Strawberries are a very delicate berry, they quickly release juice, quickly deteriorate, if improperly cooked, they boil soft, lose color, taste, biologically useful substances, therefore, when harvesting for the future, certain rules must be observed.

Berries are selected ripe, but dense, of medium size (large ones are easily boiled), collected no later than 5-7 hours before canning. They are cleaned from the stalks before processing. Contaminated berries should be washed under a weak stream of cold water.

Strawberry jam. 1. Pour the berries with 85% sugar syrup for 3-4 hours, then cook for 5 minutes, leave for 8 hours, then carefully select the berries with a slotted spoon, put them in jars. Boil the syrup to 1/3 of the original volume, pour over the berries and pasteurize: half-liter jars - 10, liter - 15 minutes. 1 kg strawberries, 850 g sugar, 150 ml water. 2. Layer the berries with sugar for 10 hours, then bring to a boil, remove from heat for 15 minutes, bring to a boil again. So repeat several times.

Strawberry jam is often candied. You can prevent this by adding citric acid before the end of cooking (1-1 g per 1,5 kg of jam). 1 kg of strawberries, 1 kg of sugar.

Strawberry jelly. 1. Mix strawberry juice with the juice of white and red currants, gooseberries, add sugar and cook over low heat, removing foam, until the consistency of jelly. You can add diluted gelatin, mix thoroughly, bring to a boil. 1 liter of strawberry juice, 200-300 ml of juice from other berries, 600-800 g of sugar. 2. Dip strawberries in sugar syrup, add gelatin dissolved in water or juice, bring to a boil, let it brew for 15 minutes, then strain, add citric acid and cool. 200 g strawberries, 150 g sugar, 5 g gelatin, 200 ml water, 1 g citric acid.

Kissel from strawberries. Rub the berries through a thick sieve, squeeze out the juice. Pour the pulp with hot water, bring to a boil, strain, add sugar, heat again to a boil, pour in starch diluted with cold water, remove from heat, add citric acid, strawberry juice, stir well, pour into glasses or cups, sprinkle with sugar. 200 g strawberries, 20 g starch, 2 g citric acid, sugar to taste, 1 liter of water.

Strawberry marmalade. Rub the strawberries through a fine sieve so that the grains do not pass. In 85% sugar syrup, put 1/4 of the pureed strawberries, cook until cooked, add another 4/1 of the mass, cook again until cooked, and so on until the last portion of the berries is used up. Pour the mass into molds moistened with cold water or greased with oil. 850 kg strawberries, 150 g sugar, XNUMX ml water.

Strawberry confiture. Berries stir, pour in water, boil over low heat for 10 minutes, add sugar, cook until tender. Pour the mass into jars, cover with parchment paper or plastic lids. 1 kg of strawberries, 800 g of sugar, 300 ml of water.

Strawberry compote. Pour strawberries with sugar syrup at a temperature of 50-60 ° C for 3-4 hours. Then drain the syrup, heat to a boil, add citric acid. Arrange the berries in jars, pour syrup, cover with lids, pasteurize at a temperature of 85 ° C: half-liter jars - 20, liter - 35 minutes. Seal banks. 1 kg of strawberries, 450 g of sugar, 1 liter of water, 2 g of citric acid.

Strawberry fig. Pour strawberries with sugar for 3-4 hours. When the juice stands out, transfer the berries to another enamel bowl and cook over low heat, stirring constantly and removing the foam, until the mass begins to easily separate from the walls of the pelvis and bottom (excess juice can be drained and used to make jelly, mousse and etc.). Put the mass on a dish or plate moistened with cold water, level it, add chopped nuts, cut into pieces, sprinkle with powdered sugar and put in jars. 1 kg of strawberries, 600 g of sugar, nuts and powdered sugar to taste.

Strawberry drink. Strawberries, milk, sugar, a little salt, mix and beat until smooth. 200 g strawberries, 150 ml milk, 250 g sugar, salt to taste.

In folk medicine, berries, leaves, roots, rhizomes are used. They have a diuretic, anti-inflammatory effect. Berries help to remove urinary, gallstones, improve heart function, lower blood pressure, and regulate digestion.

Infusion of strawberries. Infuse 50 g of berries in 200 ml of boiling water for 2 hours, then strain. Drink 50 ml 3-4 times a day for hypertension, pain in the heart, atherosclerosis, gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis.

Infusion of rhizomes and strawberry herbs. Infuse 50 g of rhizomes and herbs in 500 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then strain. Drink 200 ml 3 times a day before meals with kidney stones, liver, gout, atherosclerosis, diarrhea.

Infusion of strawberry leaves. 20 g of dried leaves insist in 400 ml of boiling water for 30 minutes, strain. Drink 100 ml 4 times a day before meals for diseases of the liver, kidneys, rickets, scrofula, hemorrhoids, gastritis.

A decoction of strawberry leaves. Boil 30 g of crushed leaves in 200 ml of water for 5-10 minutes, leave for 2 hours, strain. Take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day for bronchial asthma, gastritis, colitis.

Berries can be used to make nourishing face masks.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, allergic reactions when using strawberries.

Strawberries are harvested as they ripen, in the morning, after the dew has dried, and in the evening, while the dew has not yet fallen. Wet berries quickly deteriorate, and those picked in hot weather quickly wither.

Dry immediately after collection in the shade, in warm stoves, ovens, first at a temperature of 30-40 'C, at the end - 60-65 °C.

Leaves, flowers, stems are collected during flowering, dried in the shade.

Roots and rhizomes are dug up in autumn or early spring, shaken off the soil, washed in cold water and dried in the air in the shade, in well-ventilated areas.

Dried berries are bright red in color, have a pleasant peculiar smell, sweet and sour taste. The leaves are green or dark green above, grayish below. Rhizomes break open with a crunch, odorless.

You can breed wild strawberries on the site with bushes, mustaches, seeds.

In one place, strawberry bushes can bear fruit for up to 4 years, then their productivity drops sharply.

Strawberries are a dioecious plant, therefore, in the area among fruit-bearing female bushes, there should be non-fertile male ones.

If there are cultivated strawberries nearby, it is not necessary to plant male bushes.

Shelf life of berries and leaves - up to 2 years, roots - 3 years.

Authors: Alekseychik N.I., Vasanko V.A.

Wild strawberry. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications

Perennial herbaceous plant of the rose family. The fruit is a false berry, fleshy, red, with numerous achenes. Blooms from May to July. The fruits ripen in June - July.

We find the first literary information about strawberries in ancient literature from Virgil, Dioscorides. Physician and botanist of the XNUMXth century Andrey Mattioli wrote about strawberries that its berries, “besides being used as food and delicacy, benefit a bilious, feverish and suffering stomach, quench thirst.

An alcohol tincture of berries is an amazing remedy for sunburn and freckles on the face, as well as against clouding of the cornea. Strawberry leaves and root heal wounds and ulcers... excite urine and contract the spleen... Rinsing the mouth with this decoction strengthens the gums and loose teeth.

Strawberry fruits contain up to 80% water, vitamins C (more than 90 mg%), B6, folic acid, sugars, carotene, organic acids (citric, malic, salicylic, quinic), tannins and pectin substances, anthocyanin compounds, up to 4% fiber , minerals (salts of iron, manganese), quercetin, essential oil, phytoncides. Vitamin C, tannins, traces of alkaloids, essential oil were found in the leaves; in the roots - tannins.

Strawberries are a dietary dish recommended for diseases of the liver, heart, kidneys and beriberi as a source of vitamin C. It is often prescribed in large quantities to regulate bowel activity. Strawberry regulates metabolism, promotes the elimination of cholesterol and toxins from the body, which are formed in the process of metabolism. It has been established that strawberries reduce the absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland and have an antithyroid effect. Berries quench thirst well and increase appetite. An infusion of leaves and fruits is recommended to be taken as a diuretic, as well as in the treatment of gout and as a vitamin remedy.

In experiments on animals, it was found that the infusion has a hypotensive effect, increases and slows down the contractions of the heart. Due to the rich content of vitamins and anthocyanin compounds, strawberries are also considered a protective agent (protecting against radiation damage).

In folk medicine, strawberries were used very widely. M. A. Nosal wrote that if we used the strawberry season correctly, which lasts from 3 to 4 weeks, then we would need less resorts. Strawberries were used for hypertension, heart disease, atherosclerosis, and gallstone and urolithiasis. Juice from fresh berries was recommended to be taken on an empty stomach for violations of salt metabolism (osteochondrosis, metabolic polyarthritis, etc.), gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice, cholecystitis, hemorrhoids, as an antihelminthic (in large quantities along with spicy food). According to Nosal's observations, the tapeworm was expelled in the following way: the patients ate a large amount - up to 3 kg - of strawberries daily, simultaneously with herring and onions. The tapeworm was expelled with a head. Roundworms, whipworms and pinworms also do not tolerate such treatment.

Outwardly, strawberries were used to treat wounds, old, neglected eczema, to eliminate freckles and age spots on the face. For the treatment of eczema, a ripe berry was rubbed on a clean linen rag and applied for 3-4 days to the affected areas. An infusion of the leaves of the plant - strawberry tea - was considered a good diuretic and hemostatic agent for uterine bleeding, and was used to rinse with sore throat.

A decoction of leaves and roots was recommended for jaundice, hemorrhoids (inside and out); a fresh leaf was applied to the skin to treat chronic wounds and ulcers; strawberry tea was drunk for atherosclerosis and skin diseases (leaves collected and dried during the flowering period). Strawberries were considered a useful remedy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Unfortunately, not everyone can eat large quantities of strawberries with impunity due to allergic reactions (skin rashes, itching). In such cases, strawberries should be taken in doses - in small quantities, limited to strawberry juice or completely abandoned its use.

A decoction of wild strawberry leaf was studied in patients with malignant neoplasms. In particular, in 30 cases of advanced laryngeal cancer, 12 patients were treated only with strawberry leaves (2-3 tablespoons of decoction per day), the rest received decoction in combination with X-ray therapy, surgical treatment, anti-inflammatory and symptomatic agents. In patients of the first group and 17 of the second after 7-45 days, there was an improvement in well-being, pain relief, improved sleep and appetite. There were no lesions of the larynx, the treatment did not cause side effects.

It is assumed that the beneficial effect of strawberry leaf decoction on the general condition of patients is explained by the introduction of biogenic stimulants into the body.

Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.

Wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry

Synonyms: drifting snow, polonitsa, sunnik, berry, etc.

Perennial herbaceous plant with creeping shoots of the Rosaceae family (Rosaceae).

The leaves are trifoliate. The flowers are large, white in thyroid inflorescences.

Fruits - berries of bright red color, fragrant, Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in June-July.

Range and habitats. The plant is distributed in forest and forest-steppe zones throughout Eurasia in Western and Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. Introduced and naturalized in North Africa, North and South America.

It grows on the edges, in clarified forests, in forest clearings and among shrubs.

Chemical composition. The leaves of the plant contain B vitamins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, organic acids (citric, quinic, malic), sugars, traces of essential oils, flavonoids in an amount of up to 2% (mainly rutin), tannins (up to 9%), salts iron, manganese, cobalt, phosphorus.

The fruits contain (according to 4 samples) 83,58% and 16,42% dry residue. The dry residue consists of 1,04% ash and 3,75% fiber, pentosans 1,33%, total sugars 4,32%, protein 1,80%. Total acidity 1,89%, tannins and dyes 0,24%. In addition, the fruits contain folic acid, pectin.

The fruits contain from 16 to 54 mg% of ascorbic acid. The leaves are richer - contain from 260 to 388 mg% of ascorbic acid.

Application in medicine. Strawberry leaf (lat. Folium Fragariae) is used as a medicinal raw material. The leaves are harvested during the flowering of the plant, cut off with petioles no more than 1 cm long. They have a sour-astringent taste and a slight peculiar smell. Dry in dryers at 45°C or in well-ventilated areas. Shelf life 1 year. The fruits of wild strawberries (lat. Fructus Fragariae) are also used. They are harvested when ripe, dried by drying in air or 4-5 hours in dryers at a temperature of 25-30 ° C, then dried at 45-65 ° C, spreading in a thin layer on sieves or sieves.

An aqueous infusion of wild strawberry leaves is used as a diuretic for urolithiasis and cholelithiasis. Their use is also prescribed for diabetes and anemia.

The fruits are used as a vitamin remedy.

In folk medicine, fresh and dried strawberry leaves and berries are used as a diuretic, which promotes the release of salts from the body, for gout, diseases of the liver and spleen, and atherosclerosis.

An infusion of strawberry leaves is a good antiscorbutic agent, as it contains a large amount of vitamin C. It also slows down the rhythm and increases the amplitude of heart contractions, dilates blood vessels.

Tea is prepared from strawberry leaves: 20 g of crushed leaves are poured into 200 ml of boiling water, boiled for 5-10 minutes, insisted for 2 hours. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.

Other uses. Widely used in cooking.

Secondary honey plant: honey bees take nectar and pollen from flowers. One flower contains 0 mg of sugar in the nectar. There are from 286 to 1 pieces per 2 m20.

Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.

Wild strawberry (common strawberry, alpine strawberry, wild strawberry, European strawberry), Fragaria vesca. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation

The Russian name "strawberry" comes from the old Russian word "strawberry", and they called it that because its fruits hang close to the ground. The botanical description of the plant was given by the priest, doctor, caretaker of the botanical garden in Zweibrücken Jerome Bock (Tragus) in 1553. He described two plants and named them Fragaria rubra and Fragaria candida from the Latin "fragaris" (fragrant).

In the Russian language of the XIX century. the plant Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) was called strawberry, and Fragaria moschata (muscat strawberry) was called strawberry. With the wide distribution of the berry, which is currently called pineapple strawberries, or garden strawberries, obtained by hybridization of two American types of strawberries (Virgin and Chilean), in Moscow and St. ), - Victoria, named after one of the first varieties of garden strawberries.

Wild strawberry is a perennial herbaceous plant 5-30 cm high with a creeping thick rhizome covered with brown stipules. Thin fibrous adventitious roots and long filamentous shoots depart from the rhizome, the so-called "whiskers", which take root at the nodes. Rosettes of long-leaved basal leaves develop in places where the mustache is rooted and flower-bearing stems come out. Basal leaves are trifoliate long-petiolate, leaflets sessile, edges of leaflets serrate. Middle leaflet on short petiole, lateral leaflets sessile, oblique-ovate. The leaves are dark green above, more or less glabrous, bluish-green below, softly pubescent. The flowers are five-membered bisexual white, collected in few-flowered loose umbellate or corymbose inflorescences emerging from the axils of simple, sometimes double, large-toothed ovate leaves. The calyx remains with the fruit.

For wild strawberries, as a rule, a dicyclic development of the shoot is characteristic, i.e. during the first year, the shoot functions as a vegetative assimilating one, forming green leaves, and only in the following summer it enters the generative phase of development and dies off. The development and formation of above-ground shoots in wild strawberries go through two phases - the phase of a shortened and elongated shoot. Shortened above-ground shoots are vegetative, and elongated shoots are generative. A vegetative rosette shoot develops trifoliate leaves, long-petiolate in spring and summer, short-petiolate in autumn.

At the base of the leaves there are lanceolate, long-pointed, entire stipules, "grown" to the petiole. In the axil of the leaves of the rosette shoot, buds are laid, which develop into above-ground stolons, renewal shoots or remain dormant for a long time. Above-ground stolons - creeping shoots, serve to capture the territory and vegetative propagation. Above-ground stolons are devoid of green leaves, their stems are thin, fragile, with very long internodes. Each stolon first consists of two thin, long internodes; two underdeveloped scaly leaves sit at the nodes, from the axils of which lateral stolons can grow without a dormant period, which leads to branching of above-ground stolons and contributes to a significant increase in the energy of vegetative reproduction. The “mustache” from the maternal shoot to the first daughter rosette forms two internodes - the hypopodia and the mesopodium.

Stolons of successive orders, growing very quickly, form a long mustache - sympodium, along which, without a dormant period, daughter rosettes are formed, the number of which reached 5-6 or even more. The rosette shoots developing at the end of the above-ground stolons quite quickly form their own system of adventitious roots, take root, which leads to the formation of a clearly polycentric forest system in strawberries. A characteristic feature of stolons is a very short life span - they die off in the same season, while the clearly polycentric system is violated.

The fruit is a multi-nutlet, formed from a growing, fused with a calyx receptacle, in the pulp of which small nuts are immersed. Such a fruit is often called "strawberry". According to the number of chromosomes - diploid (2n 14). The wild strawberry genome has been sequenced. It contains 34809 genes, which is about one and a half times more than in the human genome.

The plant is common in the forest and forest-steppe zones in Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus and several other regions of Eurasia. It has also been introduced and naturalized in North Africa, North and South America.

Wild strawberry grows on forest edges, in clarified forests, in forest clearings and among shrubs. In nature, strawberries are divided into several ecotypes, the growth of which is confined to certain geographic and climatic conditions and various habitats: forest, meadow, northern rock, southern mountain, southern spring.

Wild strawberry is a rather plastic species capable of growing in conditions that differ sharply in a number of ecological parameters. According to the ecological scales of D.N. Tsyganov (1983), according to the scale of the soil salt regime, it occurs in the range from very poor soils to rich soils, according to the scale of soil acidity - from very acidic soils to weakly alkaline, according to the scale of soil richness in nitrogen - from poor to soils rich in nitrogen, according to the scale of soil moisture variability - from soils with slightly variable moisture to soils with highly variable moisture.

On the scale of illumination-shading, this species also differs in the breadth of the trait range - from the type of light regime of open spaces (grass, moss, lichen, less often shrubby and transitional phytocenoses between them, as well as areas without vegetation cover), to transitional between the type of shady forests (dark coniferous and broad-leaved medium density) and especially shady forests (some especially highly dense dark coniferous and broad-leaved forests).

The leaves of the plant contain B vitamins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, organic acids (citric, quinic, malic), sugars, traces of essential oils, flavonoids in an amount of up to 2% (mainly rutin), tannins (up to 9%), salts iron, manganese, cobalt, phosphorus. Fruits contain, in addition, folic acid, pectin. The roots contain tannins and alkaloids. The leaves contain a large amount of vitamin C, in addition there are B vitamins, as well as organic acids, alkaloids, tannins, essential oils, salts of iron, manganese, phosphorus, cobalt. The berries have a high content of ascorbic acid, in addition, there is carotene, a lot of folic acid, vitamin B, flavonoids, salicylic acid, tannins, malic acid.

The fruits of the plant have been used by humans for food since ancient times. There is evidence of its use by humans as early as the Mesolithic.

The fruits are used as a vitamin and medicine both fresh and dried (Fructus Fragariae). The fruits are harvested when ripe, dried by drying in air or 4-5 hours in dryers at a temperature of 25-30 ° C, then dried at 45-65 ° C, scattering a thin layer on sieves or sieves.

Strawberry leaves (Folium Fragariae) are also used as medicinal raw materials. The leaves are harvested during the flowering of the plant, cut off with petioles no more than 1 cm long. They have a sour-astringent taste and a slight peculiar smell. Tumble dry at 45°C or in well ventilated areas. Shelf life 1 year. An aqueous infusion of wild strawberry leaves is used as a diuretic for urolithiasis and cholelithiasis. Their use is also prescribed for diabetes and anemia.

In the treatment of colds, sore throats, coughs, an infusion or tea from strawberry leaves is used. The vitamins that make up the leaves have a strengthening effect on the body weakened by a cold. With a sore throat, tinctures help to quickly overcome the disease and remove excess phlegm from the lungs. In addition, strawberry leaf tea will help overcome the autumn lack of vitamins in the body, resist possible colds and flu.

Due to the fact that strawberries contain a large amount of vitamins, beneficial acids and trace elements, they work as an antioxidant, slowing down the aging process of cells. In addition, they even out the complexion, remove dead skin cells, renew it, improve the metabolic processes of the skin, and have a rejuvenating effect. A mask of crushed fruits is applied to clean skin for 10-15 minutes, after which it is washed off. The procedure is repeated for several days, then the skin is allowed to rest, and the procedure is repeated again.

Strawberry, Fragaria ananassa. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation

Strawberry, genus Fragaria L, family Rosaceae (Rosaceae) includes 30 species distributed in the northern hemisphere.

Cultural species Fragaria ananassa Duch. - Pineapple strawberries (often called large-fruited strawberries) do not exist in the wild. It arose as a result of the hybridization of Chilean strawberries and Virginian strawberries in Holland in the middle of the XNUMXth century. It is widely cultivated in Western Europe, Asia, Australia and America, not only in the open, but also in closed ground. It was brought to Russia at the end of the XNUMXth century.

Fruits contain 5,5-9,2% sugars, 0,6-1,4% acids, 50-80 mg / 100 g of vitamin C, carotene (0,03), B (0,03), B2 (0,05, 250), P-active compounds (catechins, anthocyanins, flavones, etc.) - 750-100 mg / 18 g, trace elements (manganese, cobalt, iodine), minerals: sodium (100 mg / 161 g), potassium (100 mg/40 g), calcium (100 mg/XNUMX g), etc.

Berries are consumed fresh, for the manufacture of juices, compotes, jams, in the confectionery and alcoholic beverage industries. Frozen fruits keep well and withstand long transportation. Strawberries have a dietary value.

World production is 2,3 million tons, and the total area reaches 350-400 thousand hectares. The main countries for the production of strawberries: USA, Japan, Poland, Italy, Ukraine, Mexico, France, Spain.

The genus is forest in origin, probably arose in the Tertiary period. East Asia was the center of origin and initial development of strawberries. From here came its resettlement to Europe and America. One of the famous types of strawberries - strawberries - originated in Europe. The most valuable species - Chilean and virgin strawberries - were formed in America.

Strawberry is a perennial herbaceous plant with modified shoots - mustaches, creeping along the ground and forming adventitious roots in even nodes. The strawberry fruit is a combined achene, individual fruitlets (achens) are located on an overgrown juicy receptacle, which is an economically valuable part of the fruit, incorrectly called a berry.

The world assortment is 10 thousand varieties. The yield of strawberries in advanced farms is from 8 to 20 t/ha. In the state of California (USA), a maximum yield of 100 t/ha was recorded.

Varieties of large-fruited strawberries, depending on the ripening time, are divided into early (Granddaughter, Dawn, Early Makherauha, Shtaninskaya), medium early (Scarlet Dawn, Beauty Zagorya, Vologda, Rocket, Desnyanka), medium (Festivalnaya, Purple) and late (Talisman, Zenga Zengana , Late Zagorye). Depending on the size of the berries, origin and production and biological characteristics, all varieties are divided into four groups:

1. Large-fruited, single fruiting (most varieties of strawberries in central Russia: Festivalnaya, Zarya, Beauty Zagorya, Talisman, etc.). These varieties lay flower buds on horns from mid-August to mid-September. They belong to a cultural species - pineapple strawberries.

2. Large-fruited, double fruiting varieties (Red Rich, Mahori, San Rivel, Herzberg, Peikrova). Especially popular variety of this group is Mount Everest. Varieties of this group also belong to the pineapple strawberry species. For twice fruiting varieties, an earlier, immediately after the first fruiting, the laying of flower buds and their rapid differentiation is characteristic. The second harvest of fruits, from the end of August to mid-September, is 70-80% of the total harvest.

3. Strawberries have a limited distribution in home gardening. Varieties of this group - Shpanka, Milanskaya and others - originated from forest strawberries. Strawberries annually form one crop of medium-sized fragrant fruits. If the leaves and peduncles of strawberries are almost on the same level, then the peduncles of strawberries rise above the leaves. The yield is approximately 5 times lower than that of strawberries.

4. Small-fruited varieties of strawberries (Monthly, Curly, Alpine, etc., about 20 in total) originated from wild strawberries; common in home gardening and ornamental gardening. Varieties of this group are remontant, i.e., repeatedly fruiting, forming small fruits throughout almost the entire growing season, not only on adult plants, but also on rosettes that have taken root in a given year.

The exceptional plasticity of strawberries allows them to be cultivated in various soil and climatic zones. The success of a culture in different conditions is obviously associated with the correct consideration of varietal characteristics, the choice of varieties, taking into account their adaptability to the light and soil-climatic conditions of individual climatic zones.

Cultivation of strawberries is particularly successful in subtropical and temperate climates. In the countries of the tropical zone, the cultivation of this crop is confined to mountainous regions. So, in Mexico, the main industrial strawberry plantations are located at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level. seas.

In India, where wild strawberry species are found in the south of the country - in the Nilgiri mountains and in the north - in the spurs of the Himalayas, cultivars have recently been introduced and are cultivated in mountainous areas near the city of Mahabaleshwar (18 ° N) in the Western Ghats mountains at an altitude above 1000 m a.s.l. seas. In this area, in the recent past, the population was engaged in sheep breeding, leading a nomadic lifestyle. Thanks to the efforts of the Maharashtra state government, the population has been transferred to a sedentary lifestyle, and the cultivation of strawberries has become its main occupation.

Strawberry culture in India is also concentrated in the resort areas near the city of Shimla (southern spurs of the Himalayas) at an altitude of about 600 m, in the state of Kashmir near Gulmart, Thangmart, Srinagar, around the Nilgiri mountains (11 ° N latitude). In the flat part of Northern India, strawberries are cultivated near Meerut (29 ° N, Uttar Pradesh), in Zhulundur and Gurdaspur (Punjab).

Strawberry culture has become widespread indoors with and without heating in countries of the temperate and subtropical zones. The first place in the cultivation of strawberries in greenhouses is occupied by Japan. In Japan, as in other countries, great importance is attached to the choice of varieties, taking into account their adaptability to the light conditions of individual climatic zones and regions. So, in Fukuoka Prefecture (the northern part of the island) there are few sunny days in winter.

In low light conditions, the laying of fruit buds is poor, berries are poorly tied. In addition, plants sometimes suffer from air temperatures below 5 °C. Fukuwa and Donner turned out to be the best varieties for forcing here. However, these varieties in areas with low rainfall and high temperatures give little mustache. For the best appearance of the whiskers, the plants must be kept at a lower temperature, after which the deep dormancy phase is interrupted. Therefore, in the fall, uterine plots are isolated, where they create optimal conditions for growing seedlings.

The best varieties for dry subtropical areas are Kurume No. 103, Harunoka and Yachie. They have a shallow dormant phase and produce good seedlings in warm climates. The Donner variety is highly productive after being kept at 2-5°C for 30 days (500 hours). The Yatie variety requires refrigeration at 5°C for 10-20 days. It is considered the best variety for the southern regions of the island. Kyushu, where the temperature never drops below 5°C in winter.

In subtropical conditions, the cultivation of strawberries is associated with the problem of untimely appearance of buds and extended flowering, which sometimes begins earlier than the optimal, planned dates. This occurs when an early and cold autumn occurs and a decrease in temperature contributes to the early laying of fruit buds. Therefore, the fight against this phenomenon is carried out by regulating the air temperature in closed ground conditions.

The problem of untimely appearance of buds is also solved by storing plants in the refrigerator at a temperature of about 0 ° C. In Japan (Kyushu), seedlings are kept in refrigerators from mid-November to mid-December, then planted in a permanent place. Berries are harvested in February and March. It is usually from 2 to 3 kg/m2.

Successful cultivation of strawberries is also possible in a humid tropical climate. In the province of Havana (Cuba), strawberry plantations on an area of ​​about 100 hectares are located at a latitude of 22,7-23,0 ° N. sh. A number of varieties are cultivated, among them the main one is Missionaria.

Plantations are laid in October-November, at the beginning of the dry season; the optimal time for planting strawberries is November 20-30. A small percentage of flowering plants is observed from December 15 (1-1,5 months after planting) to the end of February, mass flowering of strawberries is noted in March, fruiting begins in January, but mass fruiting - in April-May, until the first decade of June inclusive.

Mustaches appear on plants in February, but they are periodically destroyed until early April, which contributes to better differentiation of fruit buds, flowering and fruit formation. From the first decade of April, they stop limiting the growth of whiskers, and they develop along with rosettes until October-November. With the onset of the rainy season in late May - early June, mother plants develop poorly, the leaf apparatus dies off, new leaves grow to a small extent, the plants, as it were, give their vitality to create offspring - rapid growth and development of whiskers and rosettes begin.

Care of the plantation in the period after the end of fruiting is aimed at growing strawberry planting material. Seedlings are dug up in October-November, before laying a new plantation. Mother plants, divided into parts, are also used as planting material. After digging up the mustache, the one-year-old strawberry plantation is plowed. Due to a sharp decrease in yield, it is considered inappropriate to leave the plantation for the second year. The same features of strawberry cultivation are characteristic of the tropical zone of India and other countries.

Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.

Strawberry. The history of growing a plant, economic importance, cultivation, use in cooking

Four types of wild strawberries grow in Ukraine: forest, musky, green and field. In gardens and plantations, many zoned varieties are bred, but in terms of biological value they cannot be compared with wild relatives.

Ripe strawberries contain a lot of organic acids, tannins, volatile oils, sugars and vitamins. All of them are easily absorbed by the body, absorbed into the skin, stimulating blood circulation in the lymphatic vessels and the vital activity of the skin. The only pity is that the strawberry period is so short: two or three weeks.

Ripe fruits of strawberries appear on the edges, clearings and among light forests before other wild fruits and berries. At the end of June, bright red strawberries come across among the emerald grass in the forest. You will go out to a sun-drenched clearing and immediately smell the aroma of wild strawberries, which cannot be confused with anything else.

It is best to pick strawberries in the early morning, when the dew has already dried up, but the berries have not yet warmed up and are firm. Ripe fruits have a bright cherry color, somewhat darker on the 4th sunny side, lighter on the shaded side. The size of the berries is 0,8-1,4 cm, the shape is oval or conical, elongated. The taste is delicate and delicate, the aroma is more pronounced than that of cultivated strawberries. Remove the berries with a cup and part of the stem. You can't keep them for a long time.

Delicious fragrant jam is cooked from strawberries, juices, compotes are prepared. Strawberry juices and decoctions have a pleasant sweet and sour taste, excellent aroma, have a refreshing effect on the body and tone up vital activity. Juices are preserved with sugar by sterilization. Berries can also be dried in the air and the sun, gradually drying them in a Russian stove or oven at a temperature of 45-50 ° C until they no longer stick to the hands.

In folk medicine, strawberries are used to treat diseases of the liver and kidneys, gout and rheumatism, and anemia. With poor appetite, the berries are eaten fresh. The leaves are used to make a medicinal tea drink. In 1 liter of boiling water, 70 g of leaves are steamed and infused for 4-7 hours. They drink this tea for rickets, scrofula, rashes, gastritis, hemorrhoids, indigestion, inflammation of the respiratory tract. Dried leaves are used to prepare a tea surrogate, which is not inferior to linden tea in aroma and color.

Strawberries can also be grown in household plots. Seeds are sown in well-lit places. Musk strawberries prefer slightly shaded and well-moistened places.

You can bring bushes or mustaches with shoots from the forest, propagate seeds. For seeds, the largest and most well-ripened berries are selected, crushed, dried until the seeds begin to separate from the pulp. Sowing is carried out in spring in well-fluffed and moistened soil, sprinkled with soil mixed with sand in a layer of 1 cm and watered from a shallow watering can. Shoots appear in 2-3 weeks. When spring sowing on seedlings, pedicels grow in the first year. They are not allowed to develop and cut off before flowering, so that the planted plants develop well and get stronger. The crop is harvested in the second year.

Bushes brought from the forest bear fruit in the first year. Strawberries are kept for no more than four years, and then the plantation is renewed, as fruiting is sharply reduced.

Since strawberries are a dioecious plant, there should be male and female specimens in the garden. However, male specimens grow faster and grow more magnificently, therefore, it is necessary to ensure that they do not drown out the female ones: no more than one male plant per four female plants is left in the garden. If strawberries are grown next to strawberries, there is no need for male specimens.

In folk medicine and cosmetics, strawberries are widely used. In Poland, the face is smeared with crushed strawberries before going to bed. By morning, the skin becomes fresh, soft and tender with a pinkish tint, wrinkles are smoothed out.

In scientific and folk cosmetics, strawberry fruits, leaves and flowers are used. All preparations from this plant have tonic properties, improve blood circulation, strengthen capillary walls, stimulate metabolism and skin nutrition, excrete waste products. Lotions and creams are prepared from strawberry juice. To prepare the cream, take 25 g of butter, one yolk, one teaspoon of honey and one tablespoon of strawberries. Everything is poured into a glass cup and carefully rubbed, stirred, topped up with 15 g of camphor alcohol. The cream can be used both during the day and in the evening. It works great on any skin, smoothing wrinkles, removing spots and freckles, strengthening epithelial tissues, toning up the overall metabolism and excretion of waste products.

Strawberry juice is recommended to be added to all purchased creams, especially water-based ones. Being in forest places rich in strawberries, on an expedition "excursion, on vacation, you should always rub a few fruits of strawberries on the skin of the face and neck in the evening. After 30-40 minutes, the juice is removed with a cotton swab dipped in water and the face is smeared with a soft semi-fat cream. Already By morning, a cosmetic effect will be visible: the face is getting younger right before your eyes.

Author: Reva M.L.

Strawberries with own heating. Featured article

In 1814, a French officer, Captain Frizier, returned from Chile to his homeland. As souvenirs, he took out a few strawberry bushes.

It was not an ordinary small-fruited berry, which the French gathered in the forest and bred in the garden. Chilean was ten times larger. In the markets there, it cost exorbitant prices.

With difficulty, the captain brought his treasure - the journey by sea lasted almost six months. The botanist Duchesne from the Versailles Botanical Garden immediately asked for a few bushes from him. However, the newly arrived strawberries not only did not produce large berries, but none at all. Although it bloomed well. Duchen quickly identified the cause of infertility. All flowers are female! True, wild local strawberries grew nearby, but they turned out to be incompatible.

Only a hundred years later it was possible to still use the souvenir of Captain Frizier. The plant was crossed with another strawberry from the New World, Virginia, and received the first seedling of a large-fruited pineapple, the same one that is grown now. Its fruits reached the size of a palm, which awe gardeners. True, the new-found treasure has retained not only its large size, but also its love for warmth.

Therefore, passengers crossing Eastern Siberia along the Trans-Siberian Railway usually do not meet this berry at the stations. They know that Eastern Siberia is dry, there is little snow in winter, and without a snow coat, pineapple strawberries will not survive the winter. And how surprised the road people are when the train takes them to Baikal.

Even on a hot July day, Baikal breathes cold, but at the small station Vydrino, near the famous pulp mill, they are met by Baikal women with baskets full of pineapple strawberries. The one that is the size of a palm. And this is in the center of the vast Asian continent, where neither oak nor ash grows, nor their eternal companion lily of the valley.

The explanation is simple. Although Baikal is a huge refrigerator, there is a lot of precipitation near the Vydrino station. Three times more than in rainy Moscow. There is so much snow in winter that potatoes do not freeze in the gardens. The snow also protects strawberries. Its crops are excellent here.

However, for all its enviable qualities, the pineapple treasure has a few weaknesses. Its first berries are heavy, like cucumbers, and lie on the ground. The rain splashes them with mud. And since especially large berries grow in those who generously fertilize with manure, manure also gets on the berries with mud. They say that in Truskavets, patients who come to the resort for treatment are warned: "Eat any greens, but be especially careful with strawberries. Wash them ten times better than everything else."

True, gardeners have come up with a remedy for dirt. They have been covering the ground with straw for a long time. The berries lie on the bedding and remain clean. Therefore, the English name is not a strawberry, but a strawberry. Still, straw is not the best protection option. It is hygroscopic. Molds easily. Mold is the most dangerous for berries.

Various straw substitutes were offered: oak bark, spruce needles, slate plates, wood shavings. Back in 1911, the Garden and Garden magazine criticized everything.

Oak bark? It is porous and also accumulates water. The berries are rotting. Spruce needles? Too strong stick to the berries. Then you can't take them off. Moss? It is full of all sorts of filth. Slate plates? They leave black spots. Wood shavings seem to be quite good: cheap, dry, odorless. Snails don't start in them. However, the berries in them roll up so that you can’t pull them out later, everything will be wrinkled. And most importantly, instead of the usual pineapple smell, the berries begin to smell like spruce resin.

The English magazine "Gardens Chronicle" ("Garden Chronicle") offered another option. You take three empty bottles and fold them into a triangle around a strawberry bush. The berries lie on the bottle glass. This way you kill two birds with one stone. Firstly, the berry on the glass does not get wet and moldy.

Secondly, the bottles are heated by the sun and provide the berries with additional heat. Harvest ripens earlier. In damp, foggy England, this is especially advantageous.

However, the troubles with strawberries do not end there. Then it is damaged by a nematode - small white worms. And the bushes dry up. Then gray mold piles up - and the berries turn into dirty jelly. It happens that a gardener in desperation abandons a troublesome crop. However, if he is an observant person, he can quite easily get out of a difficult situation. They tell about one gardener who was very fond of strawberries, but most of the area was allocated to other crops for cucumbers and onions.

The most remarkable thing was that he did not use either cucumbers or onions for their intended purpose. Onions could not eat due to an innate aversion to him. He didn't even sell onions. Although he adored cucumbers, he ate little.

He simply tore their whips out of the ground and threw them away. Day after day, until there was not a single whip left. Neighbors laughed at the eccentric. However, they soon noticed that he would give birth to strawberries best of all. And never suffers from adversity.

We talked and found out the following. He plants onions among strawberries so that gray rot does not start.

Onion volatile substances - phytoncides - cope with this perfectly. Cucumbers also serve as bait for nematodes. Malicious worms are given a choice: strawberries or cucumbers? They prefer cucumbers. And when they settle them properly, the gardener removes the whip, and with it the settlers. Strawberries stay clean.

However, let's be fair. A tender berry brings more than one chore to its patrons. It gives gardeners such benefits that are difficult to expect from other fruits and berries. It repairs the liver, kidneys, bile ducts, stomach and spleen.

On this occasion, connoisseurs of useful plants, father and son Nosali, remembered the old saying of the physician I. Kneipp: "In the house where strawberries are eaten, the doctor has nothing to do!" It is advised to eat it alone or with milk.

With cream or sugar. But most importantly, a lot. In such quantities that you get bored. To have to force myself to eat another glass. "Do not spare money for this treasure," Nosali advises, "consider that it is as important as bread!"

True, there are people who, with all their desire, cannot afford to eat so much. And even quite a bit. They get allergies.

The whole body is covered with a blistering rash. The skin begins to itch, as if it had not been washed for a month. Sometimes the stomach hurts and the head is spinning, as if poisoned. And even vomiting. Nosali knew a woman who would vomit from just the sight of a plate of strawberries.

But, glorifying pineapple, we must not forget our forest small-fruited strawberries. Although she is tiny compared to her cultural companion, her smell is stronger and more delicate. And connoisseurs, if there is a choice, prefer it. However, here, too, one must be careful and think before making a choice.

The fact is that the XNUMXth century, which brought perturbations to the world of plants, did not bring anything bad to wild strawberries. On the contrary, when coniferous forests were cut down and logging residues were burned, our berries grew luxuriantly and freely on the fires. It grew even stronger along the roadsides.

And there are a lot of roads. Cars are walking along the roads. Exhaust gases contain lead. It accumulates in roadside soil and in plants. Probably in strawberries too. Therefore, if you already collect, it is better on those roads where there are fewer cars. And even better - along forest glades, clearings or old clearings.

And now some unresolved problems. The main difficulty is harvesting. Manually on large plantations - expensive, and long. There is already mechanization, but. unfortunately, the most productive varieties have a weak skin.

Berries are damaged and stored for a short time. They don't know what to do with fertilizers. The more fertilizer, the more berries. But the Swedes don't contribute them at all. Except just a little. They are sure that otherwise you will not get a quality product!

Author: Smirnov A.

Strawberry. Interesting plant facts

In dark dense forests, strawberries are rare. But in the light birch copses it is at every step. Low bushes with trifoliate leaves and with long shoots creeping along the ground - "mustache". From these "whiskers" new plants grow, and the creeping lashes dry up.

The ancient sages assured: in a house where strawberries are eaten, a doctor is not needed - strawberries bring health.

The name strawberry is not given by chance. Its fruits lie on the ground. Of course, they get dirty, and dirt can make you sick. Gardeners know this and put straw under the strawberry bushes. Then the berries do not touch the ground. The British renamed strawberries "strawberry". They call it "strawberry". "Stro" means straw, "berry" means berry.

The fruits of wild forest strawberries are more fragrant than garden strawberries, but very small. Botanists have discovered wild strawberries in South America with berries ten times larger. They call it "Chilean". In North America, they found another species, also large-fruited - "Virginia" strawberries. Both varieties were brought to Europe, planted in the botanical garden.

From them came a new variety - the same "Victoria", pineapple strawberries, which are now grown all over the world.

Author: Smirnov A.

Strawberry. The value of the plant, the procurement of raw materials, the use in traditional medicine and cooking

She loves sunny edges, light clearings and glades. It also comes across in the woodlands, where the heat penetrates. It spreads in dense thickets at the foot of everlasting trees. Ask anthills for the address of strawberries, they, like grass, are located on dry lands, in the sun. On a bright summer afternoon, a sweet berry spirit, a spicy perspiration of fresh strawberry leaves, blows from the warmed forest meadows. This time is the best in the year - the middle of summer.

The strawberry season is short, the berry lasts only some three to four weeks. To have time to enjoy it, and, if necessary, to prepare at least a little for future use is the same as taking care of your health in time. After all, strawberries are healing, nature has generously endowed its berries with nutritious and life-giving substances. Yes, and this product for a person is the original one: it has been known to people since ancient times. So, strawberry seeds are found in the buildings of the Stone Age. And how tasty the red berry is - everyone knows! On the forest tablecloth-self-assembly, she truly has no rivals. Perhaps that is why, when the word "berry" first appears the image of strawberries.

Trifoliate basal leaves on long petioles, crowded white flowers raised on a stalk - this May appearance of strawberries is very memorable. The plant does not bloom for long, fallen petals immediately expose a small green ovary. But then the daylight reached its limiting longitude, the heat set in, and the ovary grew into a soft, ruddy berry, easily removed from the stalk. It is necessary to take strawberries in the morning after the dew has disappeared or in the late afternoon, when the heat subsides, since the berries collected in the morning dew become limp, and those taken in the midday heat quickly wither. They go for strawberries with a small basket or birch bark. Take only ripe, completely edible berries.

Strawberries are unusually rich in important nutrients and medicinal substances. Valuable acids (malic, citric and folic), as well as vitamins, tanning agents, volatile oils, and manganese were found in its sugary berries. The healing properties of berries have been known for a long time. Fresh juice from them, used on an empty stomach in 4-6 tablespoons, helps well with stones in breaking and the gallbladder. Water paste from fresh or dry strawberries relieves intestinal ailments, in particular, stops inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which means it is necessary for gastritis and colitis. It is also used as a diuretic. Preparing a medicinal infusion is simple: two tablespoons of dried berries are brewed with a glass of boiling water; strained infusion is used in two doses.

Strawberries are a proven remedy for removing eczema. To do this, a thick layer of crushed ripe strawberries is applied to the sore spot, applied to a clean linen rag. Such an application already in the first three or four days clears eczema from scabs and even dries it a little. Then they use strawberry lotions, which, according to popular expression, draw out the heat. Finally heal eczema with ointments.

Get rid of freckles and acne with the help of strawberries. They act as in the previous case: a cloth smeared with berry gruel should be applied to the skin. They also cleanse the face with a mask made from a mixture of strawberry juice and egg white (one protein is taken per teaspoon of juice).

In ancient information about this herb, it is mentioned that tapeworm can be expelled with berries. There was even a recipe. The patient was instructed to first eat herring with onions, then take on ripe strawberries. The intestinal parasite does not seem to withstand such a diet of the owner. With the same treat, although in a smaller volume, they were freed from round worms, whipworms and pinworms.

Wild strawberries also improve health for those who have a breakdown or general weakness after an illness. It is equally useful for both young and old, but it is most beneficial, of course, for children. That is why in the green summer it is important that the guys go for the berries themselves, because even a poor forest does not let the seekers go without a fragrant gift. A few handfuls of berries will be very useful for a growing body.

And now about strawberry grass. It so happened that many people find use only in berries. But the leaves, it turns out, are very, very useful. Here are some examples. A decoction of dried strawberry leaves (3 grams of leaves per 2 cups of boiling water) helps with cholelithiasis, gastritis, bronchial asthma, insomnia, night sweats; improves digestion and appetite. Drink it in small sips. Young dried leaves may well replace tea leaves, according to connoisseurs, strawberry tea is both tasty and fragrant. A leaf compress is a good external remedy for suppuration and ulcers, it is also used for rashes, acne, lichen and scrofula.

Leaves are torn at the time of flowering grass. Dry in attics with a tin roof or under a well-ventilated canopy. Spread the leaves on the fabric in a thin layer, otherwise the drying will be delayed even with frequent stirring. The finished raw material consists of bluish-green plates without petioles (they are torn off during collection). The smell of dry grass is weak, its taste is astringent. Leaves are stored in a wooden box lined with paper inside. For dried berries, a tin box will be suitable.

Interestingly, before the wide distribution of large-fruited strawberries, gardeners were willing to breed wild forms of this berry. At least thirty varieties selected in natural growth were known. Some of them were distinguished by continuous fruiting throughout the summer. In addition to wild strawberries, nutmeg strawberries are especially respected. It grows among tall meadow grasses and under the forest canopy. It is easy to distinguish between these two types of wild strawberries: the strawberry bushes are taller, the berries are large and round - in balls, most often greenish-white and reddening only on one side. In the forest, or, as it used to be called, monthly, strawberries, the berries are oblong, ripen together, are completely colored, its small yellowish seeds protrude from the pulp of the fruit.

Maybe it would be a good idea to let the residents of the edges and meadows into the garden again, giving them one or two beds there? These herbs are domesticated by dividing the bush or with the help of the so-called whiskers and, of course, seeds. Seeds are obtained from overripe selected berries. To do this, they are pressed on a plate and the pulp is dried in the air until the seeds separate from it. It is believed that it is better to take the berries of the August harvest for seeds, although they are sown only next spring. In order to successfully grow strawberry seedlings in the same summer, they take early harvest berries, June.

The soil for sowing is taken away as waste, mindful only of the exactingness of wild strawberries to light and the relative dryness of the soil, and strawberries - to the opposite conditions. The seeds sown on the cut soil are lightly sprinkled with earth mixed with sand, then watered from a watering can with a strainer. Seeds germinate in two or three weeks, and not at the same time. When seedlings are sown in spring, pedicels appear in the same year, which must be cut off, otherwise the plant will be weakened. The harvest will be next summer. The bush, transferred from the forest in the spring, bears fruit in the same year. The bushes are kept for four years, then the berry bush is renewed, otherwise the fruiting will drop sharply.

Talking about how good strawberries are, we note, however, that not everyone can enjoy it with impunity. In some people, this berry causes "urticaria": the skin becomes covered with a rash, and even blisters, itching, dizziness and vomiting are felt. It happens that such a person is sick at the mere sight of strawberries. Fortunately, such a rejection of the wonderful wild berry is extremely rare.

In general, this berry is rightly called the best. About her and in a riddle it is said: "Egorka is standing in a red yarmulke, whoever passes, every bow gives." No one will usually miss such a charm.

In the forests, thousands of tons of this magnificent berry can be harvested in one season. A very insignificant part of the crop falls into the hands.

Author: Strizhev A.N.

Strawberry? No - strawberry

It is pleasant to drink tea with strawberry jam on a winter evening. Its taste and aroma are reminiscent of summer. But did you know that most often strawberry jam is not made from strawberries? gardeners claim that the berry that we used to consider strawberries is actually garden strawberries, and our grandmothers say that they called it Victoria all their lives, and they ask not to be confused with strawberries.

Strawberries, or nutmeg strawberries, unlike garden strawberries, have light green, highly corrugated leaves. Peduncles are almost always higher than leaves, flowers are most often unisexual, that is, some plants have only female (pistillate) flowers, others only male (staminate) flowers. In most varieties of garden strawberries, the flowers are bisexual (self-fertile). The berries of strawberries are much smaller than the berries of garden strawberries, but somewhat larger than those of the forest. They are sweet, with a strong specific aroma, are poorly separated from the receptacle and can be red, pink and even purple.

Strawberries and wild strawberries are really different plants. With this hardly anyone will argue. But to what extent do the names familiar to us correspond to what these plants are?

Both plants belong to the genus Strawberry of the Rosaceae family. Representatives of this genus, the number of species of which reaches thirty, can be found throughout Eurasia and America.

The most common wild strawberry is wild strawberry. It is what we used to collect on the edges of the forest.

In the gardens and parks of Europe in ancient times, wild strawberries were grown exclusively as an ornamental or medicinal plant, and only in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries they began to be considered a berry crop, called Fragaria, which means "fragrant" in Latin. But, despite the pleasant taste, wild strawberries were not particularly popular due to the small size of the berries.

The history of this plant would have stopped there, if two centuries later a new species had not appeared, the same one that is grown in our gardens, called strawberries. These are garden strawberries, or pineapple strawberries. In nature, it does not exist, and botanists did not specifically bring it out - garden strawberries arose by themselves under a certain set of circumstances. It is believed that two species became the progenitors of garden strawberries - virgin strawberries and Chilean strawberries, which got their name from the place where they grew. But how could this happen if one species grows in North America and the other in South America?

Oddly enough, but the formation of a new species occurred in France. The first to be brought from America to Europe was the virgin strawberry, a large plant with delicate, fragrant, sweet and sour scarlet berries. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century, it was brought from the North American state of Virginia. The bushes were planted in Versailles. Ripe berries turned out to be one and a half to two times larger than wild strawberries, but not so tasty.

Chilean strawberries came to Europe only a hundred years later, already at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. The French officer Amede Frezier, who was on a military mission in Chile, drew attention to the unusual type of strawberries grown by local peasants. The plant was distinguished by powerful shoots, rounded leaves and large berries, the size of a nut or a small chicken egg. Unfortunately, the taste of the berries was worse than that of ordinary wild strawberries. Returning to his homeland, Frezier took with him several plants, of which only five survived by the end of the voyage.

One of the surviving bushes was transferred to the Royal Botanical Gardens in Paris, where it was propagated vegetatively. And already from there, several samples of Chilean strawberries came to the French botanist Antoine Duchen, who was considered the leading expert on the genus Fragaria throughout Europe. The bushes were planted in the Garden of Versailles next to the virgin strawberries. Of course, their accidental pollination occurred, and a hybrid was formed, which was later called garden strawberries.

Garden strawberries surpassed all known types of strawberries in terms of fruit size, taste and unpretentiousness. It was brought to Russia at the end of the XNUMXth century. The first to spread was the large-fruited English variety Victoria, named after the Queen of England.

What then is a strawberry?

From a botanical point of view, strawberries are also a type of strawberry, but completely different. This is Muscat strawberry, or musky, which got its name for its specific aroma. And they began to call it strawberries because of the shape of the berries, resembling small balls.

Muscat strawberries grow wild in the southern regions of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In nature, it is a dioecious plant: male and female flowers are located on different bushes, and berries are formed only on female specimens.

Once upon a time, both in Europe and in Russia, nutmeg strawberries were grown on purpose and even received several varieties. But with the advent of strawberries, Muscat garden strawberries could not stand the competition, and they stopped growing them. And in the 70s of the twentieth century, scientists crossed garden strawberries and nutmeg strawberries and bred a hybrid, which was given the name "zemklunika".

Author: E. Mekhova

Wild strawberry (common strawberry, alpine strawberry, wild strawberry, European strawberry), Fragaria vesca. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology

Ethnoscience:

• Anti-inflammatory agent: Wild strawberry can be used to reduce inflammation. To do this, you need to prepare an infusion of wild strawberry leaves. To prepare the infusion, you need to infuse 2 tablespoons of dried wild strawberry leaves in 1 liter of boiling water for 30 minutes. Then the infusion should be filtered and drink 1 cup 2-3 times a day before meals.
• Cough remedy: Wild strawberry can be used to treat coughs and bronchitis. To prepare a medicinal syrup, you need to mix 1 cup of fresh wild strawberries, 1 cup of sugar and 1 cup of water in a saucepan. Boil the mixture over medium heat until a thick mass is obtained. The mixture must then be cooled and stored in the refrigerator. Take 1 tablespoon of syrup 3-4 times a day.
• Heart strengthener: Wild strawberry can be used to strengthen the heart and reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. To do this, you need to prepare an infusion of dry leaves of wild strawberries. To prepare the infusion, you need to insist 1 tablespoon of dried wild strawberry leaves in 1 cup of boiling water for 10-15 minutes. Then the infusion should be filtered and drink 1 glass a day.
• Remedy for diarrhea: Wild strawberry can be used to treat diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems. To prepare the infusion, you need to insist 1 tablespoon of dried wild strawberry leaves in 1 cup of boiling water for 10-15 minutes. Then the infusion should be filtered and drink 1 cup 2-3 times a day.

Cosmetology:

• Purifying face mask: Wild strawberry can be used to cleanse the skin of the face from excess oil and impurities. To prepare the mask, you need to grind half a glass of fresh wild strawberries and add 2 tablespoons of honey to it. Then the mixture should be applied to the face and left for 15-20 minutes. After that, the mask should be washed off with warm water.
• Moisturizing face mask: Wild strawberry can be used to moisturize dry facial skin. To prepare the mask, you need to grind half a glass of fresh wild strawberries and add 2 tablespoons of coconut oil to it. Then the mixture should be applied to the face and left for 15-20 minutes. After that, the mask should be washed off with warm water.
• Softening Body Scrub: wild strawberry can be used to soften and cleanse the skin of the body. To prepare the scrub, you need to grind half a cup of fresh wild strawberries and add 1 cup of sea salt and 2 tablespoons of jojoba oil to it. Then the mixture should be applied to the wet skin of the body and massaged in a circular motion for 5-10 minutes. After that, the scrub should be washed off with warm water.
• Moisturizing lip balm: wild strawberry can be used to moisturize and soften lips. To prepare the balm, you need to grind half a glass of fresh wild strawberries and add 1 tablespoon of coconut oil and 1 tablespoon of honey to it. Then the mixture should be applied to the lips and left for 15-20 minutes. After that, the balm should be washed off with warm water.

Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!

Wild strawberry (common strawberry, alpine strawberry, wild strawberry, European strawberry), Fragaria vesca. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Wild strawberry, or common strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is a perennial plant from the rose family that grows in the northern hemisphere.

Tips for growing, harvesting and storing wild strawberries:

Cultivation:

• Wild strawberry prefers light, well-drained soils and sunny positions.
• Plants can be grown both outdoors and in containers.
• Propagation of plants occurs through seeds, stem layering or cuttings.
• Choose a sunny location for planting strawberries. It prefers light, fertile soil with good drainage capacity. You can add compost or humus to improve soil quality.
• Plant strawberries in spring or autumn to a depth of no more than 1-2 cm. The distance between plants should be 20-30 cm so that they have enough room to grow.
• Strawberry care includes regular watering and weed removal. In addition, you can add compost or humus to the roots of the plant to improve the nutritional value of the soil.
• Make sure strawberries get enough sun and moisture for good growth and fruiting.
• Wild strawberries can be used to decorate the garden and as a useful food plant.

Workpiece:

• Wild strawberry berries contain a large amount of vitamins and antioxidants, as well as useful trace elements.
• The berries should be picked when they are fully ripe, when they have a bright red color and a sweet aroma.
• Berries can be consumed fresh, and also used to make compotes, preserves, jams and other canned foods.

Storage:

• Fresh wild strawberries can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 2-3 days.
• For long-term storage, the berries can be frozen or used for canning.

Wild strawberry is a healthy and tasty plant that can be grown both in the garden and on the plot. However, before using wild strawberry as a medicine, you need to consult a doctor.

We recommend interesting articles Section Cultivated and wild plants:

▪ Anise ordinary

▪ Lesser duckweed

▪ Burdock edible

▪ Play the game "Guess the plant from the picture"

See other articles Section Cultivated and wild plants.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

New method for creating powerful batteries 08.05.2024

With the development of technology and the expanding use of electronics, the issue of creating efficient and safe energy sources is becoming increasingly urgent. Researchers at the University of Queensland have unveiled a new approach to creating high-power zinc-based batteries that could change the landscape of the energy industry. One of the main problems with traditional water-based rechargeable batteries was their low voltage, which limited their use in modern devices. But thanks to a new method developed by scientists, this drawback has been successfully overcome. As part of their research, scientists turned to a special organic compound - catechol. It turned out to be an important component that can improve battery stability and increase its efficiency. This approach has led to a significant increase in the voltage of zinc-ion batteries, making them more competitive. According to scientists, such batteries have several advantages. They have b ... >>

Alcohol content of warm beer 07.05.2024

Beer, as one of the most common alcoholic drinks, has its own unique taste, which can change depending on the temperature of consumption. A new study by an international team of scientists has found that beer temperature has a significant impact on the perception of alcoholic taste. The study, led by materials scientist Lei Jiang, found that at different temperatures, ethanol and water molecules form different types of clusters, which affects the perception of alcoholic taste. At low temperatures, more pyramid-like clusters form, which reduces the pungency of the "ethanol" taste and makes the drink taste less alcoholic. On the contrary, as the temperature increases, the clusters become more chain-like, resulting in a more pronounced alcoholic taste. This explains why the taste of some alcoholic drinks, such as baijiu, can change depending on temperature. The data obtained opens up new prospects for beverage manufacturers, ... >>

Random news from the Archive Combining two theories of time 16.07.2020 Like a metronome that sets the rhythm for a musician, the fundamental cosmic clock can synchronize time throughout the universe. But if such clocks exist, they run very fast. In physics, time is usually considered the fourth dimension. But some scientists suggest that time may be the result of a physical process. In elementary particle physics, tiny fundamental particles can acquire certain properties by interacting with other particles or fields. For example, particles acquire mass by interacting with the Higgs field that permeates all of space. This field can fluctuate, with each cycle being a "tick" or "tock". Time is a mysterious concept and is defined differently by two key physical theories. In quantum mechanics, which describes tiny atoms and particles, "time simply exists, it is fixed and comparable to the background," says Canadian physicist Flaminia Giacomini. But in general relativity, which describes gravity, time changes in the strangest way. For example, clocks on Earth run slower than clocks aboard an orbiting satellite. The study of the various mechanisms of time would help physicists formulate a new theory of fundamental clocks. The researchers studied the impact that fundamental clocks would have on atomic clocks - the world's most accurate clocks ever made. If the fundamental clock runs too slowly, the atomic clock will become unreliable due to its synchronization with the fundamental clock. As a result, atomic clocks will count time at irregular intervals, like a metronome that cannot keep a constant beat. But atomic clocks are still accurate, which has led scientists to speculate about how fast fundamental clocks must be, if they exist.

Other interesting news:

▪ ISSATA LED drivers for Armstrong luminaires

▪ Water treatment with cellulose and air

▪ climate decoder

▪ Mobile devices ruin sleep

▪ New Optical Discs for New Generation Cell Phones

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Data transfer. Article selection

▪ article A series of magical changes to a cute face. Popular expression

▪ article Who lived on Olympus, and who lived on Parnassus? Detailed answer

▪ article Work on electrographic equipment. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article How to light a fluorescent lamp. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Focus with a magic wand. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024