What is the greenhouse effect and how does it affect the Earth's climate? Detailed answer

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What is the greenhouse effect and how does it affect the Earth's climate? Detailed answer

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What is the greenhouse effect and how does it affect the Earth's climate?

The greenhouse effect of the Earth's atmosphere consists in its transparency for the main part of the Sun's radiation (in the optical range) and the absorption of the main (infrared) part of the thermal radiation of the planet's surface heated by the Sun. The determining factor in this case is the presence of carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere, which rather intensively absorbs infrared rays.

If the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the air were to double (from 0,03 to 0,06 percent by volume), it would raise the Earth's temperature by 3 degrees and lead to the rapid melting of continental glaciers.

If the content of carbon dioxide falls by half, the temperature will decrease accordingly and the glaciers will again reach the latitudes of the Crimea and New York.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why do birds sing?

Birdsong is one of the most beautiful sounds in nature. Sometimes, getting outside the city, we hear birds singing, and it may seem to us that they are talking to each other.

Indeed, birds communicate with each other, just like many other animals. Of course, birds can express pleasure, just as we do when we exclaim "Oh!" or "Ah!".

A hen makes sounds that warn her chicks of danger and encourage them to duck to the ground. She then gives another signal, calling them together. When wild birds fly at night, they scream. This allows them to stick together and helps the lost to return to the pack.

But the language of birds is different from our speech. We use special words that express our thoughts. Birds don't learn their own language.

This is an innate instinct. In one experiment, a chicken was isolated from roosters and hens so that it could not hear the sounds they made. But when he grew up, he made the same sounds as the chickens who lived in the chicken coop.

But this does not mean that birds do not learn to sing at all. In fact, some birds can reproduce the songs of others. This is where the polyphonic mockingbird got its name. If the sparrow is among the canaries, it makes great efforts to sing like them. If a canary gets into the company of nightingales, it can imitate their singing quite well. And we know well how a parrot mimics the sounds it hears. So we can say that although birds are born with the ability to sing, some learning still takes place.

Did you know that birds have their own dialects? It turns out that the songs of the same bird species sound different in different parts of the world. This suggests that, in addition to instinct, much in the life of birds affects the ability to sing.

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Hardware Optimization Reduces 5G Power Consumption 18.04.2022

The deployment of 5G networks allows to improve the quality of service and data transfer speeds, responding to the growing demand for the volume of transmitted information. In terms of energy consumption per unit of traffic, 5G is 90% more efficient than 4G, but in absolute terms, a sharp increase in power consumption is expected due to the implementation of Massive Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (mMIMO) technologies and increased network density.

According to analyst firm ABI Research, a 5G base station requires three times as much power to provide the same coverage as a 4G network. This is a new burden for network operators to cope with high energy costs and rising capital costs. "Hardware optimization" can correct the situation, which will lead to a significant reduction in power consumption. By optimization, analysts mean the release of a new generation of chipsets that will consume 30-70% less energy compared to their predecessors.

"5G power consumption depends on the configuration of the RF part, the equipment used and the amount of traffic, and more than 70% of the power consumed is in the radio access network (RAN). 5G RAN consumes up to 2,7 kW with 64T64R mMIMO configurations in typical conditions, while A Long-Term Evolution (LTE) radio system consumes about 0,8kW,” explains Fei Liu, an analyst at ABI Research, “Network operators should only deploy the 64T64R mMIMO radio in dense urban areas with high traffic. accounts for power amplifiers, baseband processors, IF digital processors, and transceivers."

One of the pressures on network operators is the fight against climate change and the introduction of regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions. This is forcing Huawei, ZTE, Nokia, Ericsson, Samsung and other vendors to invest in innovative hardware technologies that improve energy efficiency.

These include gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor power amplifiers, improved chipsets, liquid cooling, new materials and designs.

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