Age-related psychology. Stages of sensory development in children of the 1st year of life (the most important)

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Age-related psychology. Stages of sensory development in children of the 1st year of life (the most important)

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21. STAGES OF SENSOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN OF THE 1st YEAR OF LIFE

Infancy is characterized by a high intensity of the processes of development of sensory and motor functions, the creation of prerequisites for speech and social development in conditions of direct interaction between a child and an adult.

Of great importance is the environment, the participation of adults not only in the physical, but also in the mental development of the child. Mental development in infancy is characterized by the most pronounced intensity, not only in terms of pace, but also in the sense of new formations.

At first, the child has only organic needs. They are satisfied with the help of the mechanisms of unconditioned reflexes, on the basis of which the child's initial adaptation to the environment takes place. In the process of interaction with the outside world, the child gradually develops new needs: communication, movement, manipulation of objects, satisfaction of interest in the environment. Congenital unconditioned reflexes at this stage of development cannot satisfy these needs.

A contradiction arises, which is resolved by the formation of conditioned reflexes - flexible neural connections - as a mechanism for the child to acquire and consolidate life experience. Gradually becoming more complex orientation in the surrounding world leads to the development of sensations (primarily visual, which begin to play a leading role in the development of the child) and becomes the main means of cognition. At first, children can follow someone with their eyes only in a horizontal plane, later - vertically.

From 2 months old, babies can focus on an object. From now on, babies are most of all engaged in examining various objects that are in their field of vision. Children from 2 months are able to distinguish simple colors, and from 4 - the shape of an object.

From the 2nd month, the child begins to respond to adults. At 2-3 months, she responds with a smile to her mother's smile. On the 2nd month, the baby can concentrate, cooing and fading appear - this is a manifestation of the first elements in the revitalization complex. A month later, the elements are converted into a system. Around the middle of the 1st year of life, hands develop noticeably.

Feeling, grasping hand movements and manipulating objects expand the child's ability to learn about the world around him. As the child develops, the forms of his communication with adults expand and enrich.

From the forms of emotional reaction to an adult, the child gradually moves to respond to words of a certain meaning, begins to understand them. At the end of the 1st year of life, the child himself pronounces the first words.

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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