Age-related psychology. Play and its role in the mental development of a child (the most important)

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Age-related psychology. Play and its role in the mental development of a child (the most important)

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25. GAME AND ITS ROLE IN THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD

The essence of the game, according to L. S. Vygotsky, lies in the fact that it is the fulfillment of the generalized desires of the child, the main content of which is the system of relations with adults.

A characteristic feature of the game is that it allows the child to perform an action in the absence of conditions for actually achieving its results, since the motive for each action lies not in obtaining results, but in the very process of its implementation.

In the game and other activities, such as drawing, self-service, communication, the following new formations are born: the hierarchy of motives, imagination, the initial elements of arbitrariness, understanding the norms and rules of social relationships.

For the first time, the relationship that exists between people is revealed in the game. The child begins to comprehend that participation in every activity requires a person to perform certain duties and gives him a number of rights. Children learn discipline by following certain rules of the game.

In joint activities, they learn to coordinate their actions. In the game, the child learns the possibility of replacing a real object with a toy or a random thing, and can also replace objects, animals and other people with his own person.

The game at this stage becomes symbolic. The use of symbols, the ability to replace one object by means of another, is an acquisition that ensures the further mastery of social signs.

Thanks to the development of the symbolic function, a classifying perception is formed in the child, the content side of the intellect changes significantly. Game activity contributes to the development of voluntary attention and voluntary memory. A conscious goal (to focus attention, remember and recall) is allocated to the child earlier and easier in the game.

The game has a great influence on the development of speech. It also affects intellectual development: in the game, the child learns to generalize objects and actions, to use the generalized meaning of the word.

Entering the game situation is a condition for various forms of mental activity of the child. From thinking in object manipulation, the child moves on to thinking in representations.

In the role-playing game, the ability to act in a mental plane begins to develop. Role play is also important for the development of the imagination.

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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For many beer drinkers, bitter taste and distinctive hop aroma are the most important attributes of their favorite drink. But hops are very expensive, consuming 100 billion liters of water annually in the United States alone.

To get around these problems, scientists have figured out how to brew "hoppy" beer without the use of... hops.

Bioengineers have created a genetically modified yeast that synthesizes the aromatic components of hops - the terpene alcohols geraniol and linalool. In the process of making beer with this yeast, hops can be omitted, which significantly reduces the cost and simplifies the production process. Double-blind testing of an experimental batch of the drink showed that such a beer has an even more pronounced taste and aroma than an American ale brewed in the traditional way.

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