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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Factors of human survival in the wild. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Survival Factors - these are the reasons of an objective and subjective nature that determine the outcome of an autonomous existence (Fig. 1.1).
Rice. 1.1. Survival Factors Practice has shown that out of the total number of people who find themselves in an extreme situation, up to 75% experience a feeling of depression, up to 25% - a neurotic reaction. Self-control retain no more than 10%. Gradually, over time, people either adapt or worsen. Which reactions of a person who has fallen into extreme conditions - negative or positive - will prevail depends on the following factors. The physical condition of a person, that is, the absence or presence of chronic diseases, allergic reactions, injuries, injuries, bleeding. The age and sex of the person are important, since the elderly and preschool children, as well as pregnant women, endure the most difficult autonomous survival. The psychological state of a person. Favorable psychological factors include the ability to make decisions independently, independence and resistance to stress, a sense of humor and the ability to improvise. It is important to be able to cope with pain, loneliness, apathy and powerlessness, overcome hunger, cold and thirst, as well as cope with other survival stressors. Learning to act in autonomous conditions is a fundamental factor in survival. Much depends on the degree of professional training. A great success for a group that has fallen into autonomous conditions are crew members, professional military, doctors, and rescuers. The chances of survival for such a group increase significantly. However, this situation can create certain problems. The most prepared members of the group immediately become formal leaders, but depending on the specifics of their profession, they are trained to act, having the necessary equipment in their hands, to work in a team of professionals just like themselves. In an emergency situation, there is usually no equipment and special equipment, a professional can be alone, the lives of dozens of people who are in disarray and not ready to act in extreme situations depend on the decisions he makes. Under such conditions, a specialist should be not just a rescuer, a doctor, but also the best specialist in this field, have experience in acting in such situations, and have management skills in a crisis. We list basic skills and abilitiesthat a person who finds himself in a situation of autonomous survival in nature should have: 1) the ability to calculate the required minimum amount of food and water; 2) possession of methods for the extraction and purification of drinking water in nature; 3) the ability to navigate the terrain with the help of a map, compass, GPS-navigators, other devices and without them; 4) first aid skills; 5) skills in hunting wild animals, fishing, tracking prey; 6) the ability to make a fire with the help of improvised means; 7) knowledge of the technology of building temporary shelters; 8) the ability to signal one's location with the help of intercom radio stations, tables, visual and gestural code signals. Survival means is understood as a minimum of survival items that ensure a comfortable stay of a person in the wild under any weather conditions. This is a wearable emergency supply (NAP) with essentials. Equipment 1) V matches with a sulfur head, previously dipped in wax, - 3 pcs.; 2) cherkash (a sulfur strip applied to the side of a matchbox), in half - 1 pc.; 3) sewing needle - 1 piece; 4) fishing hook - 2 pcs.; 5) fishing line and kapron thread - 5 m each; 6) potassium permanganate, activated charcoal tablets - 3 cans; 7) painkiller tablets - 1 currency. The case of NAZ is in a plastic bag with edges filled with melted wax, which is tied with an elastic band. Application Matches and cherkash are means of making fire. Sewing needle with nylon thread - for repairing clothes, shelters, bags, backpacks, extracting splinters and removing ticks. Fish hook and fishing line - means of fishing. Activated carbon tablets and potassium permanganate for the prevention of food poisoning and water disinfection. Wearable emergency supply in the maximum configuration First aid kit (recommended equipment "at a minimum"): 1) analgin, acetylsalicylic acid, nitroglycerin, validol, activated charcoal, corvalol, sodium sulfacyl, ammonia solution; 2) hypothermic package, tourniquet, sterile, non-sterile and elastic bandages, bactericidal adhesive plaster, hemostatic wipes, miramistin, adhesive plaster, cotton wool. Dehydrated dry food and vitamins. Water supply. Bowler. Toiletries. Petrol and gas lighters, waterproof matches. 2 flashlights with extra batteries and bulbs. Strong long rope. The ax is small. Tent or raincoat. Raincoats, canvas suit, socks, hats, gloves, high boots (preferably rubber). Candles, dry fuel. Needles, threads. Fishing rods and line. Overwhelming Factors of Human Survival in the Wild Hunger It is especially important to know the typical symptoms of prolonged fasting. In the initial period, which usually lasts 2-4 days, there is a strong feeling of hunger. Appetite increases sharply. In some cases, burning, pressure and even pain in the epigastric region, nausea may be felt. Dizziness, headaches, stomach cramps are possible. The sense of smell is noticeably sharpened. Drinking plenty of water increases salivation. Man constantly thinks about food. In the first four days, a person's body weight decreases by an average of one kilogram daily, in areas with a hot climate - sometimes up to one and a half kilograms. Then the daily weight loss decreases. In the future, the feeling of hunger weakens. Appetite disappears, sometimes a person even experiences some cheerfulness. The tongue is often covered with a whitish coating; when inhaled, a faint smell of acetone may be felt in the mouth. Salivation does not increase even at the sight of food. There may be poor sleep, prolonged headaches, increased irritability. With prolonged fasting, a person falls into apathy, lethargy, drowsiness. And yet, hunger as a cause of human death in the practice of emergency situations is extremely rare. This is not due to the fact that people who are in trouble do not starve. Hunger was, is and always will be the eternal companion of an emergency. Hunger is terrible because it enhances the effect of other factors that affect a person. It undermines the strength of a person from the inside, after which a host of other ailments, no less dangerous than hunger, fall on him, which complete the job. A hungry person freezes several times faster than a full one. He gets sick more often and suffers from illnesses more severely. With prolonged fasting, reactions slow down, intellectual activity weakens. Performance drops sharply. Therefore, in the absence of food supplies, if it is impossible to provide for oneself through hunting, fishing, collecting wild edible plants, one should adhere to passive survival tactics, that is, expect help in the immediate vicinity of the accident site. In order to save energy resources without extreme need, you should not leave the shelter, you need to lie more, sleep, any vigorous activity - work inside the camp, transition, etc. - should be minimized, only the most necessary work should be done. Duties, and the duties of the duty officer include arranging firewood, maintaining a fire, repairing a shelter, observing the area, extracting water, should be carried out alternately, breaking day and night time into short 1-2-hour shifts. It is permissible to release from duty only the wounded, sick and young children. All other members of the emergency team must be involved in keeping watch without fail. With a large number of people, two attendants can be assigned at the same time. Such an order, first of all, is necessary to prevent outbreaks of apathy, despondency, pessimistic moods that may arise as a result of prolonged fasting. Of course, if there is even the slightest possibility of providing oneself with food on the spot, every possible effort should be made to this. Heat. Thirst The concept of "heat" in relation to an emergency is the sum of several components: ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, soil surface temperature, air humidity, presence or absence of wind, that is, it depends on the climatic conditions of the place where the accident occurred. In addition, there are many special cases when a person, for one reason or another, may feel that he is hot. To do this, it is absolutely not necessary to climb into the inferno of the Central Asian deserts. It is possible to languish from the heat in the Arctic, for example, if the quantity or quality of clothes put on by a person does not correspond to the work he is currently doing. Situations are typical when a person, for fear of freezing, puts on all the clothes at his disposal, after which he begins to bravely brandish an ax, preparing firewood for a fire. Such unnecessary zeal at the moment leads to overheating of the body, increased sweating, and wetting of the layers of clothing adjacent to the body. As a result, a person, having finished work, quickly freezes. In such a case, heat is an ally of frost, as it deprives clothing of its heat-shielding properties. That is why experienced tourists, climbers, hunters prefer to undress when performing hard physical work, and dress warmly during rest. In these cases, it is very important to constantly monitor your well-being, change clothes in time, and periodically rest. Of course, the fight against overheating in the conditions described does not present any particular difficulties. And if any violation of the internal thermal balance occurs, then the victim himself is primarily to blame. The Arctic or the highlands are not the places where it is permissible to die from overheating. It is much more difficult for a person in an emergency situation that happened in a desert or semi-desert zone. And this is explained not by the fact that it is very hot here, but by the fact that the heat enters into an overwhelming alliance with thirst. Insufficient, as well as excessive, intake of water in the body affects the general physical condition of a person. Lack of water leads to a decrease in body weight, a significant decline in strength, thickening of the blood and, as a result, an overstrain of cardiac activity. At the same time, the concentration of salts in the blood rises, which serves as a formidable signal that dehydration has begun. Loss of up to 5% of fluid occurs without any consequences for humans. But dehydration of the body, exceeding 15%, can lead to serious consequences and death. A person deprived of food can lose almost the entire supply of fat, almost 50% of protein, and only then approach the dangerous line. However, when it comes to fluid, the loss of "only" 15% of the fluid is fatal! A person can starve for several weeks, without water he dies in a matter of days, and in a hot climate this happens faster. The need of the human body for water in favorable climatic conditions does not exceed 2,5-3 liters per day. Moreover, this figure is a liquid, not only used in the form of compotes, tea, coffee and other drinks, but also part of solid foods, not to mention soups and gravies. In addition, water is formed in the body itself as a result of chemical reactions occurring in it. In total it looks like this:
In an emergency, it is especially important to distinguish true water hunger from the apparent one. Very often, the feeling of thirst arises not because of an objective lack of water, but because of improperly organized water consumption. One of the manifestations of thirst is a decrease in the secretion of saliva in the oral cavity. The sensation of initial dryness in the mouth is often perceived as a feeling of intense thirst, although dehydration as such is not observed. A person begins to consume a significant amount of water, although there is no real need for this. An excess of water with a simultaneous increase in physical activity leads to subsequent increased sweating. Simultaneously with the abundant excretion of excess fluid, the ability of body cells to retain water is impaired. There is a kind of vicious circle. The more a person drinks, the more he sweats, the more thirsty he feels. An experiment is known when people who were not accustomed to normal thirst quenching drank 8-5 liters of water in 6 hours, while others in the same conditions managed 0,5 liters. It is not recommended to drink a lot of water in one gulp. Such a one-time consumption of liquid does not quench thirst, but, on the contrary, leads to swelling and weakness. It must be remembered that the drunk water does not quench thirst immediately, but only after reaching the stomach, it is absorbed into the blood, that is, after 10-15 minutes. It is best to drink water in small portions at short intervals until full. Sometimes, in order not to waste water from a flask or emergency supply, it is enough to rinse your mouth with cool water or suck on sour candy, caramel. The taste of the lollipop will cause a reflex release of saliva, and the feeling of thirst will be greatly reduced. In the absence of a lollipop, it can be replaced with a fruit stone or even a small clean pebble. With intense sweating, leading to leaching of salts from the body, it is advisable to drink lightly salted water. Dissolving 0,5-1,0 g of salt in 1 liter of water will have almost no effect on its taste. However, this amount of salt is usually enough to restore the salt balance inside the body. The most tragic effect of the heat is manifested in the summer in a desert area. Perhaps, in this zone, the heat leaves a person less chance of salvation than even the cold in the Arctic. In the fight against frost, a person has a considerable arsenal of means. He can build a snow shelter, generate heat by eating high-calorie food, protect himself from the effects of low temperatures with warm clothes, build a fire, keep warm by doing intense physical work. By applying any of these methods, a person can save his life for a day, two or three. Sometimes, using all of the above possibilities, he resists the elements for weeks. In the desert, only water prolongs life. There is no other way available to a person who finds himself in an emergency in the desert! Cold According to statistics, from 10 to 15% of people who died on tourist routes became victims of hypothermia. Cold threatens a person to the greatest extent in the high-latitude zones of the country: in the ice zone, tundra, forest-tundra, - in winter - in the taiga, steppes and adjacent semi-deserts, in the highlands. But these zones are also heterogeneous in terms of temperature characteristics. Even in the same area, at the same time, the thermometer readings can vary by a dozen or more degrees. For example, often in river valleys, gorges and other depressions, the decrease in temperature as a result of the flow of cold air into the lowlands is much more noticeable than at elevated points of the relief. Humidity matters a lot. For example, in the Oymyakon region, which is the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere, the temperature reaches -70°C (the minimum of -77,8°C was recorded in 1938), but due to the dryness of the air, it is quite easily tolerated. Conversely, the wet, typical for coastal areas frost, which envelops and literally sticks to the skin, causes more trouble. There, subjectively, the air temperature is always estimated lower than it really is. But, perhaps, the greatest, and in some cases decisive importance for human survival in low temperatures is wind speed:
In an area devoid of natural shelters - thick forests, folds of relief, low air temperatures combined with strong winds can reduce a person's survival time to several hours. Long-term survival at sub-zero temperatures depends, in addition to the listed climatic factors, on the condition of clothing and footwear at the time of the accident, the quality of the shelter built, the availability of fuel and food supplies, and the moral and physical condition of the person. In an emergency, clothing is usually able to protect a person from cold injuries (frostbite, general hypothermia) only for a short time, sufficient for the construction of a snow shelter. The heat-shielding properties of clothing depend primarily on the type of fabric. Fine-pored fabric retains heat best. If we take the thermal conductivity of air as a unit, then the thermal conductivity of wool will be 6,1; silk - 19,2; and linen and cotton fabric - 29,9. Clothing made from synthetic materials and fillers such as synthetic winterizer, nitron, etc. has found wide application. In them, air capsules are enclosed in the thinnest shell of artificial fibers. Perhaps, synthetic clothing loses a little in comparison with fur in terms of heat transfer, but it has a number of other undeniable advantages. It is very light, almost not blown by the wind, snow does not stick to it, it gets wet a little when immersed in water for a short time and, which is very important, dries quickly. Perhaps one of the best options is the use of multilayer clothing from different fabrics. Special studies have shown that 4-5 layers of clothing retain heat best. For example, a good combination is a tight cotton suit, several thin, not very tight woolen pants and sweaters (2-3 thin sweaters warm much better than one thick one, since an air gap forms between them) and a suit or overalls made of synthetic fabric. Shoes play a very important role in emergency winter conditions. Suffice it to say that 8 out of 10 of all frostbites occur in the lower extremities. Therefore, a person who has had an accident in the winter period of time should first of all pay attention to the condition of his legs. By all available means, you need to keep socks and shoes dry. To do this, shoe covers are made from improvised material, legs are wrapped with a piece of loose fabric, etc. All the material remaining after this is used to warm clothes and protect the face from the wind. It is important to constantly remember that clothing, no matter how warm it may be, can protect a person from the cold only for a very short time - hours, rarely days. And if you do not use this time properly to build a warm shelter or to search for the nearest settlement, no clothing will save a person from death. Very often, in an emergency, people prefer to set up cloth tents, build shelters from the wreckage of a vehicle, logs. They cling to traditional materials as their salvation. Wood and metal seem to be much more reliable than, for example, snow. Meanwhile, this is a mistake, for which you often have to pay with your own life! When building shelters from traditional materials, it is almost impossible to achieve hermetic sealing of seams and joints of building materials. The shelters are blown through by the wind. Warm air escapes through numerous cracks. Therefore, in the absence of stoves, stoves and similar highly efficient heating devices, the temperature in the shelter almost always coincides with the outside. In addition, the construction of such shelters is very laborious, often associated with the risk of increased injury. It is not uncommon for such a makeshift shelter to collapse under wind pressure or due to careless movement and put the group in critical conditions. Meanwhile, an excellent building material is literally under a person’s feet. This is the most common snow. Due to its porous structure, snow has good thermal insulation properties. It is easy to process. Snow shelters - igloos, caves, houses, lairs, erected in one and a half to two hours, reliably protect a person from exposure to low temperatures and wind, and in the presence of fuel provide thermal comfort. In a properly built snow shelter, the air temperature rises to -5 ... - 10 ° C only due to the heat emitted by a person at 30-40-degree frost outside the shelter. With the help of a candle, the temperature in the shelter can be raised from 0 to +4…+5°C or more. Many polar explorers, having installed a pair of stoves inside, heated the air up to +30°C. Thus, the temperature difference inside the shelter and outside can reach 70°C. But the main advantage of snow shelters is the ease of construction. Most snow shelters can be built by anyone who has never held a snow shovel or a snow knife in their hands. The term of resistance to low temperatures to a large extent depends on the mental state of a person. For example, the feeling of fear greatly reduces the life of a person at low temperatures. Panic fear of freezing accelerates freezing. Conversely, the psychological attitude "I'm not afraid of the cold. I have real opportunities to protect myself from its effects" noticeably increases the period of survival, allows you to rationally distribute forces and time, and introduce an element of planning into your actions. However, it must be remembered that it is almost impossible to win in single combat with the elements without fencing it off with a wall of snow bricks. All recognized polar authorities, including Stefansson himself, unanimously assert that a person who has fallen into a snowstorm can be saved only by a shelter built on time and nothing but a shelter! The most important commandment in combating the cold is to stop in time! It is impossible to overcome frost with physical strength alone. In such cases, it is better to play it safe - turn back a little earlier, set up camp, build a shelter, rest, etc. In any case, in the event of an emergency in the winter, self-rescue of a person or a group of people should begin with the organization of a winter bivouac. Before the construction of a reliable shelter or the cultivation of a fire fire, it is not advisable to engage in other work. Even if there is a tent in the group, the construction of snow shelters must be recognized as mandatory. A tent can protect a person only from wind and rain, but not from frost. Only a person who has an unlimited amount of fuel can afford to wait out the accident in a tent. During the construction of a snow shelter, in addition to the main goal - protecting a person from cold injuries - a number of side effects are achieved, for example, snow building skills are developed. A person builds the next igloo or cave in a shorter time with less expenditure of energy. Very often, spending the night in a snow shelter is preferable to spending the night near a fire. The construction of a cave or a house requires less effort and time than the preparation of a large amount of firewood, breeding and many hours of maintaining a hot fire. The confidence that the presence of deep snow or crust guarantees a safe overnight stay, makes it possible even in an emergency to organize a transition, to overcome significant distances. The depletion of forces expended on the transition is to some extent compensated by the accumulation of experience in moving on snow, building snow shelters. The duration of vigorous activity with a normal supply of food can be 8-12 hours a day, respectively, 10 hours will be for sleep and rest, 1-3 hours for a bivouac. However, it should be taken into account that "passive" survival (waiting for help) at low air temperatures, especially at high latitudes, is always preferable to "active" (self-exit to people). The final choice of survival tactics, of course, depends on the specific situation in which the person finds himself. The only possibility that guarantees one hundred percent luck not to suffer in an emergency winter situation is to prevent it. It is known that the vast majority of winter emergencies are provoked not by "intrigues of nature", but by the wrong actions of the victims themselves - a weak level of preparation for the campaign, frivolity, and neglect of elementary security measures. Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.
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