Age-related psychology. Periods of mental development of children (the most important)

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Age-related psychology. Periods of mental development of children (the most important)

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9. PERIODS OF CHILDREN'S MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

In each stage that the child lives through, the same mechanisms operate. The principle of classification is the change of leading activities such as:

1) the child’s orientation towards the basic meanings of human relationships (interiorization of motives and goals occurs);

2) the assimilation of methods of action developed in society, including objective, mental ones.

The mastering of tasks and meaning is always the first, and after it comes the moment of mastering actions. Development can be described in two coordinates:

1) the child is a "public adult";

2) the child is a "public object".

D. B. Elkonin proposed the following periods of development of children:

1) infancy - from the moment of birth to a year (the leading form of activity is communication);

2) early childhood - from 1 to 3 years (objective activity develops, as well as verbal communication);

3) junior and middle preschool age - from 3 to 4 or 5 years (the leading activity is the game);

4) senior preschool age - from 5 to 6-7 years (the leading activity is still the game, which is combined with subject activity);

5) primary school age - from 7 to 11 years old, covers education in primary school

(during this period, the main activity is teaching, intellectual and cognitive abilities are formed and developed);

6) adolescence - from 11 to 17 years, covers the process of learning in high school (this period is characterized by: personal communication, work activity; professional activity and oneself as a person are defined). Each period of age development has its own differences and a certain time of flow. If you observe the behavior and those mental reactions that occur in a child, then you can independently identify each of the periods. Each new age stage of mental development needs changes: it is necessary to communicate with the child in a different way, in the process of training and education it is necessary to look for and select new means, methods and techniques.

If we take the process of child development in general, then we can distinguish three main stages:

1) preschool childhood (this is a fairly long period covering the life of a child from the moment of birth to 7 years);

2) primary school age (this period covers the life of a child from the moment he enters school until the end of primary school, i.e., the interval from 7 to 11 years);

3) middle and senior school age (this period covers the life of a child from the moment he enters the middle classes of the school until the moment he graduates, that is, from 11 to 17 years old).

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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