Age-related psychology. Cognitive schema and its content (most important)

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Age-related psychology. Cognitive schema and its content (most important)

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14. COGNITIVE SCHEMA AND ITS CONTENT

J. Piaget concluded that the child's thinking is formed before it becomes verbal. He singled out operations as certain logically built structures of thinking. Their transformation and development constitute the content of the intellectual development of children. J. Piaget introduced such a concept as "schemes" - ways of adapting a person to the world around him through thinking and behavior. As a separate unit, the scheme includes elementary movements and complex motor skills and abilities combined with mental actions.

There are cognitive concepts by D. S. Bruner and J. Piaget. According to the concept of D. S. Bruner, there are two ways to understand the world - sensory and motor. Nothing can be included in thought without passing into feelings and motor activity. He talks about the sensorimotor mapping, which develops throughout a person’s life, but is dominant in the first years of life. First, the world is represented using images, then - in the form of symbols. Images and symbols organize presentations (5-6 year old level). The world of concepts based on generalizations is accessible to teenagers. In this case, the development of thinking is associated with the development of speech.

The most detailed concept of child development belongs to J. Piaget. Thinking develops in interaction with the environment as the child tries to adapt to change.

Therefore, an external influence or environment changes the child's activity patterns. There are three mechanisms that allow a child to adapt:

1) assimilation (the child's ability to adapt, manifested on the basis of existing skills, and the ability to act with new, not yet known objects);

2) accommodation (the desire of the child to change the previous skills and habits at the moment when conditions change);

3) balance (as a result of accommodation mechanisms, a balance is again established between the psyche and behavior of the child, which manifests itself in the fact that the child has certain skills and abilities and can apply them in given conditions).

All cognitive processes (according to J. Piaget) go through the following stages:

1) sensorimotor (stage of elementary symbolic thinking);

2) the pre-operational stage (from two to six or seven years), at which the formation of images, ideas, the assimilation of the similarities and differences of objects takes place;

3) the stage of specific operations (up to 12 years), which manifests itself in the manipulation of symbols, mastery of mental operations and logical rules;

4) the stage of formal operations (from the age of 12 until the end of life), when the flexibility of thinking develops, operating with abstract concepts, the ability to find solutions to various problems, evaluating each option.

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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