7. PERIODIZATION OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The various age classifications can be divided into two groups:

1) private classifications devoted to individual segments of life, more often children's and school years;

2) general classifications covering the entire life path of a person.

Private include the classification of intelligence by J. Piaget, who distinguishes 2 main periods of formation from birth to 15 years of age:

1) the period of sensorimotor intelligence (from 0 to 2 years);

2) the period of organization of specific operations (from 3 to 15 years). In this sub-period, he distinguishes between the stages:

a) 8-11 years - specific operations;

b) 12-15 - the period of formal operations, when a teenager can successfully act not only in relation to the reality surrounding him, but also in relation to the world of abstract (verbal) assumptions.

In the classification of D. B. Elkonin, belonging to the first group, three periods of life are considered:

1) early childhood;

2) childhood;

3) adolescence. D. B. Elkonin also singled out a number of alternating types of activity: direct emotional communication (infancy), subject-manipulative activity (early childhood), role-playing (preschool age), educational activity (primary school age), intimate-personal communication (younger adolescence). age), educational and professional activities (older adolescence).

The general classification of D. Birren includes the phases of life from infancy to old age. According to this classification youth - 12-17 years; early maturity - 18-25 years; maturity - 51-75 years; old age - from 76 years.

E. Erikson wrote 8 stages of human life (from birth to old age), based on the development of the human "I" throughout life, on the change of personality in relation to the social environment and to oneself. These stages include both positive and negative points:

1) the first 12 months of life - the initial stage, characterized by trust and distrust;

2) 2-3 years of life - the second stage, characterized by independence combined with indecision;

3) 4-5 years of life - the third stage, characterized by the appearance of enterprise and feelings of guilt;

4) 6-11 years of life - the fourth stage, where a feeling of inferiority appears and skills are formed;

5) 12-18 years of life the child begins to realize himself as a person, confusing social roles;

6) the beginning of adulthood. This stage is characterized by feelings of closeness with others and loneliness;

7) mature age - a person is absorbed by himself and society;

8) old age - a person is formed as a whole person, but a feeling of hopelessness appears.

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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