Age-related psychology. Child personality development (psychoanalysis, sociodynamic theory) (most important)

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Age-related psychology. Child personality development (psychoanalysis, sociodynamic theory) (most important)

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13. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD'S PERSONALITY (PSYCHOANALYSIS, SOCIO-DYNAMIC THEORY)

Interacting with society, a person is forced to adapt, to learn to delay the impulses of instinct. Interaction with society can lead to the displacement of problems on one's body (the theory of convergence on an organ), i.e. society is a source of development, as well as a source of inhibition of human development. The main motive of the child's behavior is the satisfaction of his instincts, action on the principle of pleasure. The process of mental development consists in the differentiation of the mental structures themselves and in the development of new forms of adaptive behavior. The level of the unconscious is the level of parental codes. Z. Freud believes that at the end of the age of 6, a "super-ego" appears, and by the age of three, an "ego" is formed. Z. Freud also speaks of psychosexual development. The main criterion is the actualization of erotic zones. Each age has its own erotic zones. The first stage - oral, corresponds to the first year of a child's life. The second stage is anal (from one to two years). The child learns to control his body. The third stage is phallic (from two to five years). Gender identification is formed, relationships with an adult of the same sex become more complicated. The fourth stage is the latent stage of psychosexual development (from 5 to 11 years). The activity of the child is aimed at identification. Fifth stage - genital (after 11 years). The maturity phase is not exactly known, as it is individual. This is the time when a person is capable of mature love (passes through the phase of searching for a partner).

E. Erickson proposes a theory of the psychosocial development of the child and describes the conditions for the driving force of development. He distinguishes 8 age periods and solves his own problem or conflict situation in each period of development:

1) before the first year - oral-sensory stage: "Can I trust the world?";

2) from two to three years - the muscular-anal stage: "Can I control my own body and behavior?", i.e. differentiation at the level of shame, autonomy;

3) from four to five years - locomotor-genital stage: "Can I become independent?" At the level of character traits, initiative or feelings of guilt are manifested;

4) from 6 to 11 years old - latent stage: "Can I become skillful?" Industriousness or a sense of inferiority are manifested;

5) from 12 to 18 years - the moment of active consciousness and self-awareness: "Who am I?" The ability to resist or run away from a problem is visible;

6) from 18 to 25 years old - youth and youth: "Can I give myself to another?" Problems of intimacy and isolation arise;

7) over 25 years - two positions are possible: generativity (development) or stagnation (soothing with life);

8) maturity, adulthood. Summing up: despair, if a person has lived an unsuccessful life, or satisfaction with life, if he feels a sense of usefulness until old age.

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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