Age-related psychology. Central neoplasms of early childhood (most important)

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Age-related psychology. Central neoplasms of early childhood (most important)

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27. CENTRAL NEOPLASMS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

Neoplasms of an early age - the development of objective activity and cooperation, active speech, game substitutions, the folding of a hierarchy of motives.

On this basis, arbitrary behavior appears, i.e., independence. K. Levin described the early age as situational (or "field behavior"), that is, the child's behavior is determined by his visual field ("what I see, I want"). Every thing is affectively charged (needed). The child owns not only speech forms of communication, but also elementary forms of behavior.

The development of the child's psyche in the period of early childhood depends on a number of factors: the mastery of a straight gait, the development of speech and objective activity.

Mastery of a straight gait affects mental development. The feeling of mastery of one's own body serves as a self-reward for the child. The intention to walk supports the ability to achieve the desired goal and the participation and approval of adults.

At the age of 2, a child enthusiastically looks for difficulties for himself, and overcoming them causes positive emotions in the baby. The ability to move, being a physical acquisition, leads to psychological consequences.

Thanks to the ability to move, the child enters a period of more free and independent communication with the outside world. Mastering walking develops the ability to navigate in space. The mental development of a child is also influenced by the development of objective actions.

Manipulative activity, characteristic of infancy, in early childhood begins to be replaced by objective activity. Its development is associated with the mastery of those methods of handling objects that have been developed by society.

The child learns from adults to focus on the constant meaning of objects, which is fixed by human activity. Fixing the content of objects in itself is not given to the child. He can open and close the cupboard door an infinite number of times, tap the floor with a spoon for a long time, but such activity is not able to acquaint him with the purpose of objects.

The functional properties of objects are revealed to the child through the upbringing and teaching influence of adults. The child learns that actions with different objects have different degrees of freedom. Some items, due to their properties, require a strictly defined method of action (closing boxes with lids, folding nesting dolls).

In other objects, the mode of action is rigidly fixed by their social purpose - these are tool objects (spoon, pencil, hammer).

Author: Loshchenkova Z.B.

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