Anthropology. Periodization of ontogeny (the most important)

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Anthropology. Periodization of ontogeny (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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17. PERIODIZATION OF ONTOGENESIS

The oldest periodizations of ontogeny date back to antiquity:

Pythagoras (VI century BC) distinguished four periods of human life: spring (from birth to 20 years), summer (20-40 years), autumn (40-60 years) and winter (60-80 years). These periods correspond to the formation, youth, the prime of life and their extinction.

Hippocrates (V-IV centuries BC) divided the entire life path of a person from the moment of birth into 10 equal seven-year cycles-stages.

Russian statistician and demographer of the first half of the XNUMXth century.

A. Roslavsky-Petrovsky identified the following categories:

▪ the younger generation - minors (from birth to 5 years old) and children (6-15 years old);

▪ blooming generation - young (16-30 years old), mature (30-45 years old) and elderly (45-60 years old);

▪ fading generation - old (61-75 years old) and long-lived (75-100 years old and older).

A similar scheme was proposed by the German physiologist M. Rubner (1854-1932), who divided postnatal ontogeny into seven stages:

▪ infancy (from birth to 9 months);

▪ early childhood (from 10 months to 7 years);

▪ late childhood (from 8 to 13-14 years);

▪ adolescence (from 14-15 to 19-21 years);

▪ maturity (41-50 years);

▪ old age (50-70 years);

▪ honorable old age (over 70 years old).

Pedagogy often uses the division of childhood and adolescence into infancy (up to 1 year), pre-preschool age (1-3 years), preschool age (3-7 years), primary school age (from 7 to 11-12 years), secondary school age (up to 15 years old) and senior school age (up to 17-18 years old). In the systems of A. Nagorny, I. Arshavsky, V. Bunak, A. Tour, D. Gayer and other scientists, from 3 to 15 stages and periods are distinguished.

The pace of development can vary among representatives of different generations of the same population of people, and epoch-making changes in the pace of development have repeatedly occurred in the history of mankind.

For at least the last one and a half centuries, up to the last 2-4 decades, a process of epoch-making acceleration of development has been observed. Simply put, the children of each successive generation became larger, matured earlier, and the changes achieved were maintained at all ages. This amazing trend reached significant proportions and spread to many populations of modern man (although not all), and the dynamics of the resulting changes was surprisingly similar for completely different population groups.

Approximately from the second half of the XX century. At first, a slowdown in the rate of epoch-making growth was noted, and in the last one and a half to two decades, we are increasingly talking about stabilizing the pace of development, that is, stopping the process at the achieved level, and even about a new wave of retardation (deceleration).

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