Anthropology. Ontogenesis (most important)

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Anthropology. Ontogenesis (most important)

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14. ONTOGENESIS

Ontogenesis (from the Greek ontos - being and genesis - origin), or life cycle - one of the key biological concepts. This is life before birth and after it, it is a continuous process of individual growth and development of the body, its age-related changes. The development of an organism should by no means be presented as a simple increase in size. The biological development of a person is a complex morphogenetic event, it is the result of numerous metabolic processes, cell division, an increase in their size, the process of differentiation, shaping of tissues, organs and their systems.

The growth of any multicellular organism, starting with just one cell (zygote), can be divided into four major stages:

1) hyperplasia (cell division) - an increase in the number of cells as a result of successive mitoses;

2) hypertrophy (cell growth) - an increase in cell size as a result of water absorption, protoplasm synthesis, etc.;

3) determination and differentiation of cells; determined cells are those that "choose" a program of further development. In the process of this development, cells are specialized to perform certain functions, i.e., they are differentiated into cell types;

4) morphogenesis - the end result of the mentioned processes is the formation of cell systems - tissues, as well as organs and organ systems.

Without exception, all stages of development are associated with biochemical activity. Changes occurring at the cellular level lead to a change in the shape, structure and function of cells, tissues, organs and, finally, in the whole organism. Even if there are no obvious quantitative changes (actual growth), qualitative changes are constantly taking place in the body at all levels of organization - from genetic (DNA activity) to phenotypic (the shape, structure and functions of organs, their systems and the body as a whole). Thus, it is during the growth and development of the organism that a unique hereditary program is realized under the influence and control of various and always unique environmental factors. The "appearance" of all types of variability of human biological characteristics, including those that were discussed earlier, is associated with the transformations that occur in the process of ontogenesis.

The study of ontogenesis is a kind of key to understanding the phenomenon of human biological variability. Various aspects of this phenomenon are studied by embryology and developmental biology, physiology and biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, medicine, pediatrics, developmental psychology and other disciplines.

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