Anthropology. Features of human ontogenetic development (the most important)

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Anthropology. Features of human ontogenetic development (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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15. FEATURES OF HUMAN ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT

The ontogenetic development of a person can be characterized by a number of common features:

▪ continuity - the growth of individual organs and systems of the human body is not endless, it follows the so-called limited type. The final values of each trait are determined genetically, i.e., there is a reaction norm;

▪ gradualism and irreversibility; The continuous process of development can be divided into conditional stages - periods, or stages, of growth. It is impossible to skip any of these stages, just as it is impossible to return exactly to those structural features that were already evident at previous stages;

▪ cyclicality; Although ontogenesis is a continuous process, the pace of development (the rate of changes in characteristics) can vary significantly over time. A person has periods of growth activation and inhibition. There is a cyclicity associated with the seasons of the year (for example, an increase in body length occurs mainly in the summer months, and weight in the fall), as well as a daily cycle and a number of others;

▪ heterochrony, or multitemporality (the basis of allometricity) - unequal rates of maturation of different body systems and different traits within one system. Naturally, in the first stages of ontogenesis the most important, vital systems mature;

▪ sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous factors; growth rates are limited or activated under the influence of a wide range of exogenous environmental factors. But their influence does not take developmental processes beyond the boundaries of a broad norm of reaction determined hereditarily. Within these limits, the development process is maintained by endogenous regulatory mechanisms. In this regulation, a significant share belongs to the genetic control itself, implemented at the level of the organism due to the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems (neuroendocrine regulation);

▪ sexual dimorphism is the most striking characteristic of human development, manifesting itself at all stages of its ontogenesis. Let us remind you once again that the differences caused by the “gender factor” are so significant that ignoring them in research practice neutralizes the significance of even the most interesting and promising works. Another fundamental characteristic of ontogenesis is the individuality of this process. The dynamics of ontogenetic development of an individual person is unique.

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