Anthropology. Heredity and social environment (most important)

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Anthropology. Heredity and social environment (most important)

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24. HEREDITY AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

The diversity of people is explained by human biology - we are born with different genes. At the same time, human biology is the source of human diversity, because it is precisely this biology that determined both the possibility of human society and its necessity.

The external variability of a person is a product of society: gender and geographical, racial and ethnic differences take on social forms in society due to the development of the social division of labor and the distribution of types of labor among people according to "gentility", "property" or "abilities".

The successes of human genetics have led not only to unconditional achievements in understanding its nature, but also to errors caused by the absolutization of the role of genes in the development of the individual. The main difference between people from the point of view of genetics is the difference between the genotype ("program" of the evolution of the organism) and the phenotype (all manifestations of the organism, including its morphology, physiology and behavior, at specific moments of its life). Several mistakes lead to negative consequences in pedagogical practice. They boil down to statements like:

a) genes determine the phenotype;

b) genes determine the limits and

at) genes determine predispositions.

It is erroneous to say that genes determine phenotype, i.e. that the genotype can accurately determine the phenotype of an organism. It is upbringing, the place and nature of work, and social experience that determine differences in phenotypes. It is also wrong to say that genes determine the limits of a person (organism). Metaphorically, this situation can be illustrated by the theory of "empty cells": the genotype determines the number and size of cells, and experience fills them with content. With this understanding, the environment can act only as "depleted" or "enriched" from the point of view of the possibility of filling the cells specified in advance at birth.

The provision that genotypes determine the predispositions of an organism (personality), is also quite erroneous. The idea of predisposition (for example, to be overweight or thin) suggests that the tendency is manifested under normal conditions. In relation to humans, "normal environmental conditions" look extremely vague, and even the average values for the population, taken as standards, do not help here.

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