Anthropology. Mental characteristics according to E. Kretschmer (the most important)

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Anthropology. Mental characteristics according to E. Kretschmer (the most important)

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31. MENTAL PECULIARITIES ACCORDING TO E. KRETSCHMER

According to the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer, people suffering from manic-depressive psychosis have a picnic constitutional type: they often have increased fat deposition, a round figure, a wide face, etc. It was even noticed that they develop baldness early.

A directly opposite set of external signs is usually present in patients with schizophrenia. To the greatest extent, it corresponds to the asthenic constitutional type: a narrow thin body, a thin neck, long limbs and a narrow face. Sometimes people with schizophrenia have pronounced hormonal disturbances: men are eunuchoid, and women are muscular. Athletes are less common among such patients. E. Kretschmer, in addition, argued that the athletic body type corresponds to epileptic disorders.

The author identified similar relationships in healthy people. However, in healthy people they are much less pronounced, since they represent, as it were, the middle of the variability of the psyche (the norm), while patients occupy an extreme position in this series. In healthy people, tendencies towards one or another "edge" are expressed in the stable manifestation of schizothymic or cyclothymic traits of character or temperament (now we would rather call this phenomenon accentuations).

According to E. Kretschmer, mentally healthy picnics are cyclothymics. They, as it were, in a latent and smoothed form, show the features inherent in patients with manic-depressive psychosis.

These people are sociable, psychologically open, cheerful. Asthenics, on the other hand, show the opposite set of mental traits and are called schizotimics - accordingly, they have a tendency to character traits that resemble manifestations of schizophrenia. Schizothymics are unsociable, closed, self-absorbed. They are characterized by secrecy and a tendency to inner experiences. People of an athletic constitution are iksotimics, they are unhurried, calm, not very eager to communicate, but they do not avoid it either. In the understanding of E. Kretschmer, they are closest to the average health.

Various studies either confirmed or refuted the main conclusions of E. Kretschmer. The main disadvantages of his work are methodological oversights: the use of clinic orderlies as a “norm” does not at all reflect the morphological and mental realities existing in society, and the number of people examined by E. Kretschmer is too small, so the conclusions are statistically unreliable. In more carefully conducted studies, such obvious (unambiguous) links between mental characteristics and body characteristics were not found.

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