Anthropology. The theory of division of labor (most important)

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Anthropology. The theory of division of labor (most important)

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25. THE THEORY OF DIVISION OF LABOR

There are several types of division of labor: physiological, technological, division of human labor, social and most importantly.

Under physiological division is understood as the natural distribution of types of labor among the population according to sex and age. The expressions "women's work", "men's work" speak for themselves. There are also areas of application of "child labour" (the list of the latter is usually regulated by state law).

Technological the division of labor is by its nature infinite. Today in Russia there are about 40 thousand specialties, the number of which is growing every year. In a general sense, the technological division of labor is the division of the general labor process aimed at the production of material, spiritual or social benefits into separate component parts due to the requirements of the technology for manufacturing the product.

Division of human labor means the division of labor of many people into physical and mental - society can support people engaged in mental work (doctors, people of science, teachers, clergy, etc.) only on the basis of increasing labor productivity in material production. Knowledge work (development of technologies, education, training of workers and their upbringing) is an ever-expanding sphere.

Public the division of labor is the distribution of types of labor (the results of the technological division of labor and the division of human labor) between the social groups of society. To which group and how this or that life "share" falls in the form of this or that set of types of labor, and consequently, living conditions - this question is answered by an analysis of the work of the mechanism of distribution of labor in society at a given time. Moreover, the very mechanism of such distribution continuously reproduces classes and social strata, functioning against the background of the objective movement of the technological division of labor.

Term "the main division of labor", first introduced into scientific circulation by A. Kurella. This concept denotes the process of acquiring a value characteristic through labor, divided into past and living. All past labor, concentrating in itself in an objectified form the strength, knowledge, abilities, skills of workers, comes into the sphere of possession, disposal and use of private individuals or organizations (cooperatives, joint-stock companies, the state) and acquires the status of property protected by the legal laws of the state. In this case, private property acts as a measure of ownership of the past labor of the entire society; its form, which brings surplus value, is called capital (financial, entrepreneurial). Living labor in the form of the ability to do it also acts as property, but in the form of labor power as a commodity.

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