Anthropology. Racial classifications (most important)

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Anthropology. Racial classifications (most important)

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19. RACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

There are a large number of racial classifications. They differ in the principles of construction and the data used, the groups included and the features underlying them. A variety of racial schemes can be divided into two large groups:

▪ created based on a limited set of characteristics;

▪ open, the number of features in which can be arbitrarily changed.

Many of the early systems belong to the first version of the classifications. These are the schemes: J. Cuvier (1800), who divided people into three races according to skin color;

▪ P. Topinard (1885), who also distinguished three races, but determined the width of the nose in addition to pigmentation;

▪ A. Retzius (1844), whose four races differed in a combination of chronological characteristics. One of the most developed schemes of this type is the classification of races created by the Polish anthropologist J. Czekanowski. However, the small number of features used and their composition inevitably lead to the conventionality of such schemes. At best they can reliably reflect only the most general racial divisions of humanity. In this case, very distant groups that differ sharply in many other characteristics can come together randomly.

Most of the racial schemes belong to the second version of the classifications. The most important principle of their creation is the geographical position of the races. First, the main ones (the so-called large races, or races of the first order) are singled out, occupying vast territories of the planet. Then, within these large races, differentiation is carried out according to various morphological characters, small races (or races of the second order) are distinguished. Sometimes races of lower levels are also distinguished (they are very unfortunately called the anthropological type).

Existing open type racial classifications can be divided into two groups:

1) schemes that distinguish a small number of basic types (large races);

2) schemes that distinguish a large number of basic types.

In the schemes of the 1st group, the number of main types ranges from two to five; in the schemes of the 2nd group, their number is 6-8 or more. It should be noted that in all these systems several variants are always repeated, and an increase in the number of variants depends on giving individual groups a higher or lower rank.

In almost all schemes, at least three general groups (three large races) are necessarily distinguished: Mongoloids, Negroids and Caucasians, although the names of these groups may change.

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