Anthropology. Physical anthropology (most important)

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Anthropology. Physical anthropology (most important)

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4. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology physical is a biological science about the structure of the human body, about the variety of its forms.

The diversity of a person in time and space is made up of manifestations of a large number of very different features and characteristics.

Anthropological sign - this is any feature that has a specific state (variant), according to which the similarity or difference between individuals is found.

Special sections of anthropology are devoted to the study of genetic, molecular, physiological systems of signs, morphology is studied at the level of organs and their systems, at the level of the individual. The variability of these characteristics is studied at the supra-individual - population level.

The tasks of physical anthropology are the scientific description of the biological diversity of modern man and the interpretation of the causes of this diversity.

Methods of research:

a) morphological;

b) genetic (especially population genetics);

at) demographic (connection of demography with population genetics);

d) physiological and morphophysiological (ecology and human adaptation);

d) psychological and neuropsychological (anthropology and the problem of the emergence of speech and thinking; racial psychology);

f) ethnological (primatology and the emergence of human society and the family);

g) mathematical (biological statistics and its role for all sections of anthropology).

Anthropology explores the historical and geographical aspects of the variability of human biological properties (anthropological features). In terms of its content, it belongs rather to the circle of historical disciplines, and in methodological terms - unambiguously to the field of biology.

Also historically, the division of physical anthropology into three relatively independent areas of study:

▪ anthropogenesis (from the Greek anthropos - man, genesis - development) - an area that includes a wide range of issues related to the biological aspects of human origin. It is the morphology of man, considered in time, measured by the geological scale;

▪ racial science и ethnic anthropology, studying the similarities and differences between associations of human populations of different orders. Essentially, this is the same morphology, but considered on a scale of historical time and space, i.e., on the entire surface of the globe inhabited by humans;

▪ actual morphology, studying variations in the structure of individual human organs and their systems, age-related variability of the human body, its physical development and constitution.

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