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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Who invented the telephone? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? Who invented the telephone? Antonio Meucci. An eccentric, but sometimes simply outstanding Florentine inventor came to the United States in 1850. In 1860, Meucci first demonstrated a working model of an electrical device, which he called the teletrofono ("teletrophone"). In 1871 - five years before Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone - he filed a provisional application (a kind of provisional patent) for the invention. In the same year, Meucci receives a severe burn when the boiler of the ferry to Staten Island explodes. Poor in English and living only on unemployment benefits, Meucci was never able to find $10 to renew his application in 1874. When Bell's patent was registered in 1876, Meucci sued. The fact is that two years before that, the Italian sent original sketches and working models to the laboratory of the large American telegraph company Western Union. By a strange coincidence, Bell worked in the same laboratory, and all the models sent by Meucci mysteriously disappeared. Meucci died in poverty in 1889, never having lived to see the decision of the court in his suit against Alexander Bell. As a result, all the glory of the invention of the telephone went not to Meucci, but to Bell. In 2004, the balance was partially restored. The lower house of the US Congress adopted a resolution "on the need to pay tribute to the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci and recognize his merits in the invention of the telephone." And it's not that Bell was such a notorious fraudster. For example, while still a young man, he taught his dog to say "How are you, ba?" - a kind of communication when Bella's grandmother was somewhere in another room. And he turned the phone into a practical tool. Like his friend Thomas Edison, Bell was tireless in his pursuit of the new. And, like Edison, these searches were not always successful. His metal detector, for example, was unable to locate the bullet in the body of the wounded President James Garfield. Apparently, the machine was confused by the metal springs in the presidential mattress. Bell's foray into animal genetics was driven by his desire to increase the incidence of twins and triplets in sheep. He noticed that sheep with more than two nipples give birth to more twins. But he managed to achieve only sheep with a large number of nipples. On a positive note, Bell did help invent the hydrofoil, the H.P.4, which in 1919 set the world water speed record at 114 km/h for ten years. Bell himself was eighty-two at the time, so the inventor prudently refused to come on board. Bell always referred to himself as a "teacher of the deaf". His mother and wife suffered from deafness, and among his students was Helen Keller, a well-known member of the American Society for the Blind and the author of a number of books. She dedicated her autobiography to him. Author: John Lloyd, John Mitchinson
How did the game of bridge originate? Like everything related to cards, the game of bridge has an ancient history. It belongs to the whist family. And as in all whist-type games, four people participate in the game: two by two. A deck of 52 cards is dealt in such a way that each player has 13 cards. The goal of the game is to take a bribe. Each trick consists of cards thrown one at a time by each player. It is generally accepted that whist has its origins in England. There was a whole series of games of the whist family, starting with Triumph, then Trumps, Trumps and Honors (or Helm), whisk (or whist), bridge, Auction bridge (like whist) and, finally, bridge Contract. The earliest of these games were mentioned in English books over 400 years ago! Whist itself was originally a game of the lower classes. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century, it was adopted by the gentlemen of London coffee houses. In 1742, Edmond Hoyle published A Concise Guide to Whist. After that, the game became very popular, spread across Europe and America. It is not very clear how whist became bridge. Some argue that the bridge came from Russia. They say that the very word "bridge" comes from the Russian "to protect". Others consider Denmark to be the birthplace of the bridge. Another theory is that it originated in Turkey and is associated with a certain fad that was enjoyed in Turkey and Egypt. It is said that Turkey was the first country where the game of bridge became very popular. The word "bridge" may come from the Turkish word "bir-uch", which means "one-three". From 1907 to 1930, Auction bridge was so popular that at least 15 people played it worldwide. Today, its place has been taken by the bridge contract, which is even more popular.
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