Russian history. Russian culture of the 18th century (the most important)

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Russian history. Russian culture of the 18th century (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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15. Russian culture of the XNUMXth century

В XVIII century. The development of Russian culture was determined by the fundamental socio-economic reforms of Peter I.

В 1725 BC The Academy of Sciences appeared in St. Petersburg, with a university and a gymnasium attached to it. AT 1755 I. I. Shuvalov и MV Lomonosov founded Moscow University. AT 1757 BC Academy of Fine Arts opened.

They began to draw up maps ("Atlas of the Russian Empire" (1734)). Opened the Kunstkamera.

At that time, such Russian scientists as M. V. Lomonosov, M. V. Severin, S. P. Krashennikov, I. I. Lepekhin lived and worked.

In the middle of the XVIII century. Classicism is established in Russian literature. The ancestor of classicism in Russia is A. D. Kantemir. Russian classicism is represented by the names of A. P. Sumarokov, M. M. Kheraskov, V. I. Maikov, Ya. B. Knyazhnin.

They erected the bell tower of the cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress, the building of the colleges, the Tauride Palace, the Winter Palace, the cathedral of the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg, the Pashkov House in Moscow, the Senate building in the Kremlin.

The basis in Russian painting was - V. L. Borovikovsky, D. G. Levitsky, F. S. Rokotov.

В 1756 BC Petersburg was the first professional theater in Russia.

In June 1762 Catherine II became empress.

Declaring herself the successor of Peter I, Catherine called her reign "enlightened absolutism."

In 1767, the Legislative Commission met in St. Petersburg, whose task was to revise Russian laws. However, the commission did not justify the hopes of the empress and was dissolved under the pretext of the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war.

One of the main reforms of Catherine II was the reform of the Senate. She divided the Senate into six departments with different functions. The role of the Senate was reduced to an administrative-executive one.

For the same purpose, in 1764, local self-government, the hetmanate, was liquidated in Ukraine. The Little Russian Collegium was created.

В 1775 BC provincial reform was carried out. Each province was headed by a governor.

Under Catherine II, the alliance of the nobility with state power was significantly strengthened. On April 21, 1785, Catherine issued a Letter of Complaint, which expanded the personal privileges of the nobility:

1) nobles could only be judged by their class court;

2) were exempted from all taxes and corporal punishment;

3) received the right to engage in trade, establish factories and factories on their land.

Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.

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>> Forward: Russian economy in the second half of the XNUMXth century

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