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7. Domestic and foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible. Livonian war. Oprichnina
Vasily III died in 1533 BC, and, since his son Ivan was only 3 years old, his mother, the Grand Duchess, began to rule the state Elena Glinskaya. After her death (1538) the era of boyar rule and the struggle for power between the princes Shuisky и Belsky. The only friend and mentor of the young king was the Metropolitan Macarius, famous compiler Chet's Menaion- a collection of church texts.
The adult Ivan was married to the kingdom and officially took the title of Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia January 16, 1547 Two weeks later the king married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharina-Yurieva.
In addition to Metropolitan Macarius, the tsar’s circle of associates included a priest Sylvester, Alexey Adashev and prince Andrey Kurbsky. In 1551 BC - compiled by Stoglav.
В 1550 BC a new Code of Laws was published. He legitimized the presence of elders, representatives of the local population and jurors - kissers. During the court sessions, the Duma clerks were supposed to keep minutes, and the headman and kissers - to sign them after the decision was made. The governors could not arrest anyone without explaining to the elders and kissers the reason for the arrest.
В 1563 BC printing appeared in Moscow. The first printers were deacon Ivan Fedorov and Peter Timofeev.
В 1556 BC The tsar issued a general regulation on the military service of landlords and estates.
Government Ivan IV led a successful foreign policy. AT 1556 BC Astrakhan was conquered. All the Middle and Lower Volga regions became part of the Muscovite state. From the second half of the XVI century. Russian settlers rushed to these regions from the central regions of the Moscow state (in the 1580s, new Russian cities arose here).
Narva, Yuryev and about 20 other cities were taken.
В 1553 BC the tsar fell ill and, fearing death, demanded that the boyars swear allegiance to his youngest son Dmitry.
Ivan IV established a special court - the oprichnina, for which he first recruited a thousand, and then 6000 "bad" people, bound by oaths of loyalty and complete submission to the king. The oprichny regions were subordinated to the tsar, and the rest of the territory of the state remained in the hands of the zemstvo boyars.
The oprichnina was a deliberate undertaking by Ivan IV, the purpose of which was to crush the influence of the princely-boyar aristocracy, replace the former ruling class - the boyars with the nobility, and thereby strengthen the monarchical power.
In the last years of the reign of Ivan IV, the terror of the oprichnina subsides; estates previously confiscated from boyars and princes are partially returned.
Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.
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