12. Great embassy. Foreign policy in the era of the reign of Peter I

The Great Embassy was formed by Peter I in 1697 BC Admiral headed the embassy F. Ya. Leforta. The official purpose of the embassy was to reaffirm the alliance directed against Turkey and Crimea. The tsar and the embassy got acquainted with European industry, in particular with shipbuilding and observatories. More than 800 craftsmen of various specialties were hired to work in Russia.

After the Great Embassy, ​​the direction of foreign policy changes.

August 8, 1700 an armistice was signed with Turkey.

August 9, 1700 Peter I declared war on Sweden. The struggle for access to the Baltic began.

Peter, from the end of the 30th century, began to form regiments of the regular army. XNUMX infantry soldier regiments were created, of which three divisions were formed. Colonels and junior officers were exclusively foreigners - Poles, Swedes, Germans.

November 18, 1700 The Russian army was defeated near Narva. AT October The Noteburg fortress was taken at the source of the Neva. In the spring of the following year, the garrison of Nyenschantz, a fortress at the mouth of the Neva, surrendered.

16 May 1703 Peter I founded the fortress of St. Petersburg, the future capital of Russia.

In 1704, Russia signed an alliance treaty with the Commonwealth: the parties pledged to wage war with Sweden and not conclude a separate peace with it.

Battle of Poltava (June 27, 1709) ended with the complete victory of the Russian army over the Swedes.

November 10, 1710 Turkey declared war on Russia. March 6, 1711 Peter I left for the army. On July 10, the Russian army entered Moldova, where the Turkish offensive was repulsed, but Russia's position was very difficult.

Peter convened a council of war, at which it was proposed that the Turks begin negotiations. Two messengers were sent to them. For two days in the camp of the Russian Tsar, soldiers, generals, officers did not close their eyes, waiting for further events.

July 12, 1710 The parties signed a peace treaty. According to its terms, Turkey received Azov, in addition, Russia was forced to promise to destroy the fortresses of Taganrog on the Sea of ​​\uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbAzov and Kamenny Zaton on the Dnieper.

More significant were the Russian victories in the Baltics. At the beginning of 1712, near Stralsund and Wismar, the Russian army defeated the Swedes; in January 1713, the Swedes were again defeated near Friedrichstadt. On July 27, 1714, the Russian fleet defeated a large Swedish squadron at Cape Gangut.

Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.

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