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23. Foreign policy of Russia in the second quarter of the XNUMXth century
In foreign policy Nicholas I adhered to the principle of peaceful coexistence with neighboring states. Since Russia was a member of the Holy Alliance, she was directly involved in a number of military campaigns, along with England and France. Yes, in 1827-1829 Allied countries by force stopped Turkey's military operations against the Greeks. In 1833, a situation arose as a result of which Russia gained great influence in the Balkans. In particular, Turkey turned to Russia for help in the fight against the Egyptian Pasha. Russia sent its fleet to defend the Bosphorus. The matter did not come to military action, since European diplomacy managed to persuade the rebels to submit to the Sultan. But Turkey concluded an agreement with Russia, under which Russia undertook to "lock" the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles for the passage of foreign ships.
European diplomacy achieved the establishment of a common protectorate of five powers over Turkey:
1) Russia;
2) England;
3) Austria;
4) France;
5) Prussia.
Since that time, Russia's influence in the Balkans began to decline rapidly. The Nikolaev policy of interference in all European affairs caused discontent and opposition from such states as England and France. The latter began to support Turkey on a number of foreign policy issues. The outbreak of conflict between the Turks and Greeks led to hostilities 1853 BC, in which Emperor Nicholas opposed the powerful coalition of England, France and Turkey in hostilities, Austria and Prussia - in diplomatic. Crimean War 1853-1856 showed the failure of the entire Nikolaev system. The well-trained and most numerous army in the world could not cope even with the 60th Anglo-French expeditionary corps that landed in the Crimea. The vast majority of the Russian army protected the landlords from the peasants and watched the country's endless borders, not connected by railways, and therefore was not mobile. Russia at the very beginning of the war lost its fleet, having sunk it in the Bay of Sevastopol, since the sails could not compete with the steam engines of English ships. The defeat of Russia turned out to be unconditional and natural. During the unfolding battle of Sevastopol, Nicholas I died.
Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.
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