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18. Socio-economic development of Russia in the first quarter of the XIX century. Reforms 1801-1811
Early XNUMXth century was marked by a palace coup. On the night of 11 to 12 March 1801 emperor Paul I was strangled, and his son, a participant in the conspiracy, ascended the throne. In your manifest Alexander I announced to the people that his father had died of apoplexy.
В July 1801 the emperor created and headed the Secret Committee, which included P. A. Stroganov, V. P. Kochubey, N. N. Novosiltsev.
December 12, 1801 A decree was issued allowing merchants, philistines and state peasants to buy land as property.
Decree - "On free cultivators" dated February 20, 1803 - allowed landowners to release peasants with land for ransom.
September 8, 1802 In order to strengthen the central government, eight ministries were created instead of colleges:
1) foreign affairs;
2) military land affairs;
3) naval affairs;
4) justice;
5) internal affairs;
6) finance;
7) commerce;
8) public education.
September 8, 1802 Alexander I signed the Decree on the rights of the Senate, which was declared the highest administrative and judicial body. Since 1802 to 1804 the entire system of educational institutions was restructured. As a result, the education system consisted of four links:
1) one-year parish school;
2) a two-year county school;
3) provincial school (gymnasium);
4) university.
In addition, there were lyceums, institutes, military schools.
The university charter of 1804 granted autonomy to all universities for the first time.
By the end of 1809, Speransky drew up a plan for reforming the Russian Empire - "Introduction to the Code of State Laws." The essence of the project was to transform feudal-serf Russia into a legal bourgeois state. The issue of the abolition of serfdom as an indispensable condition for preventing a revolution was also considered.
According to the draft constitution developed by Speransky, the entire population of the state was divided into three estates:
1) nobility;
2) merchants, petty bourgeois, state peasants;
3) "working people" - landlord peasants, artisans, servants.
The first two estates received political rights. Power in the country was proposed to be divided into:
1) legislative;
2) executive;
3) judicial.
The Senate was to become the supreme body of judicial power, the executive - ministries, and the legislative - the State Duma. The State Council was established as an advisory body under the tsar.
Of his major projects, only one was implemented: January 1, 1810 Council of State was established.
Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.
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