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19. Foreign policy of Alexander I. Patriotic war of 1812. Campaign of the Russian army in 1813-1815
The most important task of Russia's foreign policy in early 19th century. was a containment of French expansion in Europe.
Alexander signed in Tilsit unfavorable for Russia Russian-French treaty of peace, friendship and alliance (July 1807). Russia recognized all the conquests of France, entered into an alliance with her and joined the continental blockade of England.
Russia was at war with Iran and Turkey. Russo-Iranian War (1804-1813) ended with a Russian victory. Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812) also ended with the victory of the Russian army. And according to the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 16 May 1812 Russia ceded Bessarabia, Abkhazia and part of Georgia.
After making peace with Napoleon, Alexander went to war with Sweden. (1808-1809). As a result, Finland went to Russia, which became part of Russia as an autonomous principality.
June 12, 1812 Napoleon at the head of his army invaded the territory of Russia. He hoped to defeat the Russian armies and impose peace on Russia on his own terms. The Russian army was headed by: M. B. Barclay de Tolly, P. I. Bagration, A. P. Tormasov.
Following the plan of M. B. Barclay de Tolly, the Russian army immediately began to retreat. Napoleon's plan was thwarted, he continued the attack on Moscow in the hope of a general battle. Russian society was dissatisfied. This forced the emperor to appoint commander-in-chief M. I. Kutuzova.
26 of August A battle took place near the village of Borodino near Moscow.
on September 1 A military council was held in the village of Fili, where it was decided to leave Moscow to Napoleon, thereby preserving the Russian army.
on September 2 Napoleon entered Moscow. Due to lack of food, he decided to leave the Russian capital. Kutuzov was preparing for a counteroffensive, which he launched 6 October.
12 October The battle took place at Maloyaroslavets. The onset of severe frosts and famine turned the French retreat into a flight.
December 25, 1812 the manifesto of Alexander I announced the victorious end of the Patriotic War.
January 1, 1813 The Russian army crossed the Neman.
October 4-6, 1813 the battle of Leipzig, the so-called Battle of the Nations, took place. Soon the allied troops entered Paris. Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba.
28 May 1815 During the Congress of Vienna, the Final Act was signed, according to which Russia received Bessarabia, Finland and the territory of the former Duchy of Warsaw.
June 6, 1815 the Battle of Waterloo took place. Napoleon was once again defeated and sent to Saint Helena.
Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.
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