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44. USSR in the second half of the 1940s - early 1950s
The main trend in the economy of the USSR during the war years was the transfer of industry to war footing, but with 1943 BC The gradual restoration of the economy begins in areas liberated from German occupation. Since during the Great Patriotic War the country lost approximately 1/3 of its national wealth (1710 cities, 70 thousand villages and hamlets were destroyed, 31 plants and factories, 850 mines, 1135 thousand km of railways were destroyed, the cultivated area decreased by 65 million hectares, population by 36 million people), economic revival became the main task after the Victory. As in the years preceding the war, the main emphasis in this direction was on the restoration of industry.
The demobilization of the army personnel was carried out (total 1948 BC 8 million people were fired), and the majority of demobilized military personnel were sent to industrial enterprises.
March 18, 1946 session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the fourth five-year plan (1946-1950). In general, during these years, industrial production exceeded pre-war figures by 73%, labor productivity increased by 25%, and 6200 large industrial enterprises were restored. Despite this, the conversion of the military industry was only partial, which made it possible to keep the military-industrial complex as the most important element of the country's economy. The rapid recovery of the economy during the Fourth Five-Year Plan was based on:
1) using all the possibilities of a directive economy;
2) reparations with Germany;
3) free labor of the military and prisoners of the Stalinist camps;
4) expanding the scale of the economy (extensive path of development);
5) redistribution of funds from light industry, agriculture and the social sphere in favor of heavy industry;
6) compulsory state loans;
7) monetary reform 1947 BC etc.
The situation was different in agriculture, however, even here, during this period, it was possible to increase gross output from 60% (1946) up to 92% (1950) from pre-war levels.
It can be argued that in the first post-war years, the country's economy continued to develop in a super-centralized way - the disproportion between the output of means of production and consumer goods increased. The main task of the authorities in the field of economy was to increase the military potential, and not to increase the welfare of citizens.
Authors: Ivanushkina V.V., Trifonova N.O., Babaev G.A.
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